تلجه دادـــغب مولعلل ةيملع ةلجم ةمكحم تبنبلل مولعلا ةيلك بهردصت دادغب ةعمبج ذاتسلأا ع روتكدلا ررحتلا سئر...........يوسوولا نشاه ل .. ببح قازرلا دبع دلاخ روتكدلا ذاتسلاا .... رتركس ررحتلا ريرحتلا ةئيه ءبضعأ ذاتسلأا يواثعلا حلاص ىاندع روتكدلا دعاسولا ذاتسلاا يواسعلا جان دعس روتكدلا ذاتسلأا دعاسولا ىسوه نظاك لع روتكدلا رهاظ دوحا تدعس ةروتكدلا دعاسولا ذاتسلاا دلجولا 9 ( 1 ) راذا - 2012 مةيربشتسلاا ةئيهلا 1 . رمصلا يدهم نبسحا رىتكدلا ذبتسلاا دادغب تعمبج /ةربحلا كطبىملا ثبحبا ةدحو 2 . يوبعلا يلع قربط رىتكدلا ذبتسلاا دادغب تعمبج /ثبىبلل مىلعلا تيلك 3 . سبيلا ليئىوبم نزبم رىتكدلا ذبتسلاا هيرهىلا تعمبج /مىلعلا تيلك 4 . رىصىم جرىج ردبو رىتكدلا ذبتسلاا تيرصىتسملا تعمبجلا / تيبرتلا تيلك 5 . يىيسحلا هيسح دبمع رىتكدلا ذبتسلاا ثببسبحلل تيلارعلا تئيهلا 6 . يىسحلا رفعج ءبىث ةرىتكدلا دعبسملا ذبتسلاا دادغب تعمبج /مىلعلا تيلكو ركش ريدقت وذقتت جزطأ ت حهجي ززذ داذــغت وىهعهن مف ىمهامطأ حجرذنا يىقنا جذتاطلاا ىنا زذقتنا و زكشنا زفاىت و ذهج ي ىنذت ان ادا ع .وذقتنا و ىهعنا جزظن حيذخ دذعنا اذم ف جرىشنا ثىذثنا ىىقت ف ءا ءامسلأا : .د ةثد قاسزنا ذثع ذناخ وىهعنا حهك داذغت حعياج / خاثهن .د ىطاق ضى ضار داذغت حعياج / خاثهن وىهعنا حهك .د ىظاك ذذي ىظع داذغت حعياج / خاثهن وىهعنا حهك .د ظد ظد ذا داذغت حعياج / خاثهن وىهعنا حهك .د ةثد يزت داذغت حعياج / خاثهن وىهعنا حهك .د ذياد اج / خاثهن وىهعنا حهك داذغت حعياج .د اعنا زعخ زط حهك حتزتنا داذغت حعياج / خاثهن يواذهنا لازف .د داذغت حعياج / وىهعنا حهك خناص ذعط ىذظ .د داذغت حعياج / وىهعنا حهك يىطىنا ظد هع.د داذغت حعياج / وىهعنا حهك .د جرىج رودا يؤن داذغت حعياج / وىهعنا حهك .د ولادا فوزعي داذغت حعياج / وىهعنا حهك .د ىظد ىمازتا يا داذغت حعياج / وىهعنا حهك .د جدىع ششع راش داذغت حعياج / وىهعنا حهك .د خناص الله ذثع ةناغ داذغت حعياج / حطذهنا حهك .د زعخ زقات ذذي داذغت حعياج / حطذهنا حهك .د يواذهنا خناف حعياج / حطذهنا حهك داذغت .د قاسزنا ذثع ىهذنا ذثع داا داذغت حعياج / حطذهنا حهك .د يرى ءافص داذغت حعياج / حطذهنا حهك .د ىطىي ظد خناف داذغت حعياج / ىثهنا تا حتزتنا حهك .د ىطاج حفهخ واظتتا داذغت حعياج / ىثهنا تا حتزتنا حهك .د اهط هع ذزغت / وىهعنا حهك زهنا حعياج .د هع ذذي يدام زهنا حعياج / وىهعنا حهك .د لاك ذدا زهنا حعياج / وىهعنا حهك .د ىطاج ظذي ىطاجنا ذثع زهنا حعياج / وىهعنا حهك .د لاخ ذجي ششعنا ذثع حزصتظنا حعياجنا / وىهعنا حهك .د تاثنا ىمازتا اظر / وىهعنا حهك حزصتظنا حعياجنا .د يوزكنا يرى واصع ا حهك ةطن حزصتظنا حعياجنا / .د يىطىنا يذهي صاثع يزكظنا ثىذتو جلاعن غىناشكزنا حزصتظنا حعياجنا / .د مظاف قوراف داذغت حعياج / حعارشنا حهك .د دىثع زثج يزثص داذغت حعياج / حعارشنا حهك .د داد ذجنا ذثع داذغت حعياج / حعارشنا حهك .د صاثع ذعط حافك داذغت حعياج / حعارشنا حهك قاسزنا ذثع ىزكنا ذثع ءافص.د / حذصنا جراسو ىظق و عهناساهجنا ضازيا باهتنا طوزافنا ذثكنا زصا يساغ مصف.د يشكزنا حذصنا زثتخي/ حذصنا جراسو .د ىهط مذم حهك حفىكنا حعياج / طزتنا داج حطع مظاف.د داىنا حطذم /اجىنىكتنا حعياجنا يدىد فهخ ذنو .د اجىنىكتنا حعياجنا حقثطتنا وىهعنا / يذهي خناص ذذي .د اجىنىكتنا حعياجنا حقثطتنا وىهعنا / هجنا مظاف واصع .د داذغت حعياج /حثارىنا حطذهنا ذهعيوىهعهن داذغت حهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 خاىتحنا ثىحثنا حغهنات حتزعنا ححفصنا جىنىاثنا ثىحت شدشلا عبغلا كلح ثبب قاسلا لحكلا ضلخخغولا شثأح adhatoda vasica ضعب ف طعخولا ضبلاا شحبلا تبببر ثبلشل حبحلا ءادلاا باخ ceratitis capitata . داع دىحي ذحأ و مىطنا ذحا داأ و ذحأ زكاش هثه ............................................... 1 ظفشكلا قاسا سزبل مبخلا تلحكلا ثبظلخخغولا شثأح var apium grveolens dulce ضبلا ىاشئفلا ف تثلاا ثبهشلا خغه لع . دازي واح حسر و دازي للاش تاتعنا ..................................................................................................... 7 سببظلا ثبب ظلبك ف ثبهبخفلا تلبعفلا ثببكشولا ضعب ةدبص يع شحخلا aloe vera . ةثح كي مذه و حناص ةئاص ىصغ و عساج هع ءاقن و ىساج هع حست و زيلأا ذثع سح جس .................................................................................. 18 تئبشحلاا ببوشللبب ببشدح حوخولا بزلا شخغهبلا ف تلخلا تعبولا تببدخعلاا نمح جبخذلل شوحلا مذلا ثبشك ذضخغه بدح تلخلا تعبولا تببدخعلابب خسبمه . زهس رذح هع ......................................................................................................... 23 يخاذلا تخأ ف ششوخب تعلاملا وحلا طشبف فعضح سبثكإ . ىع ذثع ىزكنا ذثع لاثي و اثنأ زثص اىطأ و ايىت مج ءاور ........................................................... 31 تهلالا بشخكبلا ضخشح لضع myxococcus fulvus تعاسد تعاسضلا لمحلا يه تضشوولا ثبشطفلا لع بحشاس ببلاخل طبثخلا شثأخلا . ذثع ظفاحنا ذثع حناه قاسزنا ...................................................................................................... 36 هلاا ضهبحلا يه تفلخخه بغ ماذخخعأب نحللا جشفل تهذلا ثبفظلا ضعب يغحح تملعلا ف ىبفخبشخلا . و داىج رذي ذهي جس و راطخ سح ذحا و عتزنا سح ت واشعنا اهس اه ................................................................................... 45 بئاشلا يبللا بلحلا ف تلمثلا شطبعلا خغه . تنا حناص ىناس و سقنا ذض ذهي و ذعس ءاهع ظفاحنا ..................................................................................... 50 شظمولا ككلل تعلا صاخلا ف يذلل لاذب تحطلا شثأح . و اثشنا سح ذحي هع صاثع مضاف دادو ........................................................................................ 57 ءاشفنا ثىحت ةينوتكتلا اهتاقيبطت و ةبطرلا ةنيدم ىلإ زاكع ةقطنم نم راسم ىلع يضرأ يسيطانغم حسم . خاشنا باهىنا ذثع ذنا ءاض و باجح ذشر ىسات ....................................... 63 تسطلا ثلاحخلا تعاسد بغغه بهلا عه لاشعلا جبخبلل ثبفبضا بوفطب ف تلبع ةساشح ثبخسد . زهاظنا اضزنا ذثع قراط و جراع سر ذثع مضاف و ىشاه يذش ذهي ....................................................................................................... 72 ثىحت خاضازنا يخعلل تبغخه مدحل عبطلا عصخلا يببخل يخلحشوب عودخلا ضلمولا ضب سذمه . ذحي داىج ذحنا ذثع سح و داىج ذحنا ذثع حطاف ................................................ 79 :نوذنا شيزتنا 2078-8665 عاذلإا ىقر : 1381ووهعهن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 1 شجشنا عبسنا كهح ثابن قاسولا نوحكنا صهختسنا شثأت adhatoda vasica ف بناوج ضعب ظسوتنا ضبلاا شحبنا تبابر ثالشن تاحنا ءادلاا ceratitis capitata *دوحي ذحأ داع ذحأ شكاش وبى **موطنا ذحا داأ * ذغبا لاخىا 3 ، ٠لح يلاا ، 2010 لا يبل 27 ، اب ، 2011 : تصلاخنا ٠لص أ ج اا غىا خيا تفخ ن١والحل١رأح تىاكـ ةـ٠ـع ت٠١ع ثاكابخا كقع ثاب قاكلا ل١ضقا بقيا adhatoda vasica ١قضلاا لقغبا تقواف كاقر تقضاضف ةلقغ تق١حا١غا يقاضا ق ض قف ىخا ceratitis capitata ، ع فا ا( ل١لأا لل١ا كطا ل ذاز قغىا خقيا ق نق١والخض ) تق ضاخا ن١والخاقض 1 ، 2 ، 3 ، 5 7.5 ةكالقغا تقصك ق تقخضار تق٠لبخ تلقو قف % 27 2 تقضلا ، ت١بقيا 70 5 ل١رأقح ف ثاقبا اقق قاكلا قغىا خقيا ا ش اقخا جغقا ـقل % قف كقطح ق نق١ولخ اق بح تا ا ثالل١ا ق ض قف ل١رأقح اف اقو قغىا خقيا ا ش اقخا ثلقوا اقو . خقيا قخل تبقي قغىا خيال وا فا، ىخا ١ضلاا لغبا تضاضق حا١غا ءا٢ا ياص قا جق تق١اع 66.76 ن١ولخض ثالل١ا تا ـع % 7.5 . % كقق ح ةـق قف تق٠ قلف ص ـع ا٠ا ش اخا ثلوا يا كع ثاب قاكلا ظ١لخا قك تا تعلخما ن١والخاض تا ا ثالل١ا . ل١ضا ب ظسوتنا ضبلاا شحبنا تبابر ، شجشنا عبسنا كهح ثابن قاسوا صهختسي: تحاتفنا ثاهكنا : تيذمنا ل١ضققا بققيا كققع ثاققب قق ٠ adhatoda vasica_ness ت١فققققققققيا تقققققققق ا ا ققققققققا acanthaceae اق٠لض ق٠ كاقخلاا قىا ق بققق ت١ اخقققىلاا كاقققا قققف قققف ت١ اخقققىلاا ت ا ثال١ض ىض ثابا ٠ . ت١يا كاا ةلا , تق٠ ىا ت١غك ت٠لع قاكلاا ( ا طالخ٠ تما تبضـ 15 - 25 اقيىح قى ) كاققملاا ق قىح ١باق قضا قق ءاق قي ت١ ق ق تق قمب ق قخغح ١ق قضا ق ق ثاف ق ق ثاق قب تق قما يق قع ١مخقي ق قع اا١عا ك وخق لق١ي طقى اقصكا ا [1] كققض قضكا قع كاقزا قغح ققب٠ تققاطخ تقق٠لزا تققوفاغا ىققا تقق٠ل ا ١ققض اقق 1.9 - 2.2 اققلع ققى 0.8 ققى [2] قع قخغح ت٠لنا ةكا 6 - 10 ثالق١م [3] . يققغا ققى٠ ققخا تققي١ لا ثاققىا ققا اققا ا كقع ثاقب قاكا ق اق١ع قف ل١ضقا بقي تبققققيض ١ققققي٠مافا ـقققق٠ل 95 ثاـقققق٠ما قققق % اق١١ىا قب١ولح تن ا c11h12n2o قى٠ قف يققح ت٠كق ا تق٠لضا ثاكض ىض ـ٠ما ءاققا ققف اضقققا تقق١ل قق ت٠قق ا ثاب٠قققا [5,4] اقبول قاكلاا قغقي خقي قى٠ . لقق قق ققض لفققا قق اف ققلاخىا ـققع تقققق١ل ققق قىح ياققق قز١ا يققق قغىض ph 7 - 8 [6] . اقققق ت١فاققققا ثاـقققق٠ل ققققع قاكلاا ققققخغح deoxyvasicine, maiontone , oxyvasicine ١اققخ١فض تقق١ي قاكلاا ا اققو c ،لىقققيا ، ـقققا قققع اققق اخعا قققع لاقققف ، ثاق١ضحالا ، ثا١حكاىا ، ت١ىاىلاا ث٠نا اع ز ، ت٠ع adhatodic acid ا . قق قف ـقق ق٠ما تقق ق١و قق قف لريقق قح ت١قق قىا ثالقق ق١غخا قع قغح ل ا ةل١بىا قاكلاا ا فا، قاكلاا ـ٠ما عا ن١والح [7] . : معنا كئاشطو داونا : ثانعنا عج - ١قضلاا لقغبا تقضاضف ثاق١ع ع يغا ح كاقر ق قىخا قىلاا citrus reticulata ةلقخا ١حاقيبا تق١غا قاقىلاا ق تضاقا ت٠كاضا تمط ف – ٠لقح لق تق٠ا قف اـقغض اع يلاا او ازا 2007 ا اا . prunus armeniaca قف ق ص خقف ياقا اقق قع قق ق كاقق ق٠ر لقق ق 2008 قق قع يقق قغ ، ا ج قق ةل خققيا اققفلا ققف تضاققا كاققز اق ضأض ت١صاصم 20 40 20 قع ظطقى ثاف قى تق ق٠ل ا تق قغخف ق قص ق ق انق قوكلاا اق قمض ق قطغ لطمض 14 امض تاغ فما ثاص ـعا ف ى جقطض ك ياقطخ اطقىا ىقض جقبزا انوكلاا كاققزا قق ققا خ اققط اققضلض اققىعاض ققخ٠ا ا ققا ققف ثالققغا تضاققا جققلف ، ققفم يل * ثاب ا ت١و / ةا١غا ع ** دغبا نول ا١صىخا ا ةكام/ت١عاكناووهعهن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 2 يقا ةكاق صاقصنا قفما ةـقعال ج ق اقعافحكا تقم تق١صاصم اقل ف كاق ا 14 قى الطل 9 انوكلاا امض ةاطغ ثاف ثاف ى ق ق١ل اق١ف يق قىغ اقط اضلض تخبز اطققى فققض( تلققللم ا ةكقققا ظلققاو قغققي لقققلاع قققف جلققق )كقققق خ اققق١ ١ب تقققصك ت الققققحكالع 27 2 ت١بققققي تققققضك 70 5 % ( ققققف جلققققللينلللض ققققخا ثاغلققققللابا جلققققل ل لل١بطا ٠كأللخا فلللغللللخ – قع اـغض ت اص اأ ceratitis capitata . اق١ع يغا ح خا ةلغا ثاغاض ج اقلطل لقخض قاقباض ةنقض تق١صاصم افلا ف 10 ى اعافحكا 1.5 قطل تق طل قع قخغح قى نق١ولخض لىقى يقغض ت بق 10 . اخ٠قق قغخ % ق ١ق قع قخغ٠ لر ءاعض افللاا ثم لىيا تفاضا نبا ةل١ 3 : 1.5 تفاقا ي اكـلقققلل ـققق ح ةلققق١ا قققى ءاقققا ققق ققق١ما دالقلا ا١للل١حلض [9,8] لا لقلل١للليغخ القللل كلقققلللللوق قققيضا [10] تلقققوا ثأققق١ اقققو . ةكالققغا تققصك قق تقق لاا 27 2 تققضلا ت١بقققيا 70 5 ةلقققغا تققق١ضلخ لقققبخا قققف % ق ت١قيا قا ا قىلاا كاقر ج ق ءاقاض اقيي ـق ض ةلقغ تقرلازا تق١لل١ا كالاا قق ق يبقق قىا ـقق ق ض . ةـقق قع ثالقق ق لققطما نقق قض . ١ققبا قق اقق١ ١ب اطققى افققض ثاققغابا يلاق ق تضاقلاا ١قخ اق١٠ كاقزا ج غ ف ققغخ تقض١خ تق٠ل تقمطض تقاغ يقمر توعلا قع قف ةلقزا يق اـقض اقمف ق ح فا ثاقلل١ا ةلقزا يغخح هق تغا ت٠لضا ءا١علاا ي . ةقك ت٠ل١قع تخو ا قم ا ج كاقعلااض ثاقلل١ تق قفخا ق قى ق قع تق ق٠اع ت١ى١خق قىلاض ق قاا ق قا اقي : فأخ٠ قا - 1 - 75 ،لىقيا ق قي 2 - 4 ي nuterient agar 3 - 500 ثاقىا جقط . لطما ءاا تق١صاصم قاا قا جقم ر ا١ي ١ع ا جى ( ةـققققاض اقققق١م ح ققققح autoclave ) تققققصكـض ةكالع 121 ص غ 1 ةـ ص 15 تم١ل اخ قى ت١ى١خىلاض اا ف ج 200 قح ق قفل قف جقولح ثاقلل١ا اق١ا جقم قر اـق٠لبح ثاقطا ثكلق و ثاقغابا نقض ١قع قا تق١ضلخا قخا قضالا ق١ضا ثاقغاض قع يغا ١ع ا ت٠لبخ تلاى افض جـخىا [11] . : نوحكنا صهختسنا شضحتو ثابننا عج - ل١ضقققا بقققيا كقققع ثاقققب قاكا جققق ص adhatoda vasica ك اـقغا قف يكنقا اـغض ت اص ض ف تا ا – ف ت٠كاضا تمط اققع قق كافر لقق 2008 ققص ةاققعال جققح فا اق١ف ق٠ قخا تقيا ق لقا اق ف قاكلاا م تققق قضطا تققق قا فا اققق قا ةاققق ق٠ [10] جققق ق ص، تقققق١حاب الاققققض تضاققققا لقققق١ي تقققق١خفا قاكلاا القققا تلقققضللللحلاا ققق جفلقققلول لل تلقققللضللطا تققصكـض قاكلاا جققفف ص ، ثابلققا ءانققصلا تققرا قف اقفافص ـق ض جقوف ع )قوا قف( تقفلغا ةكالقع تققف١و ٠اقق هاقق١وا [12] . ا تاققفص ـقق ض قاكلا جقوفع تق١ اضلو تقغط تاىض قاكلاا جغ تقف١و ٠اق هاق١وا قف اقو تقم٠ل جق بح أ [13] ثاقب قاكلا قغىا خقيا قع يقغ ياقز١ا ـخقىا .ل١ضقا بقيا كقع 80 ، % م فا 50 فققققفضا قاكلاا قغققققي قققق ققققي قف قغقيا ق thimble ماقص قا قم soxhlet ف١ا 250 اقز١ا يقغىا ق ق نق١ولخض 80 ةـق ماقضا غق % 8 ـقع ثاعاقى ةكالقق قع تقق قصك 70-60 قق ق و ك ظقق قالا ققق قا قق قر ن ةكالقع تقصك قع كاـا لبا ماص يا خىاض 75 تق قم تق قف١و تق قاع ق قف سفق قلاا ق ق تققصكـض 37 ةـقق 24 قق لققلخ تعاققى ا القققللل٠امض يلقققلل٠ق [15,14] لقققللللخيا م اقو تالقلضا لقلغىا 8.18 / قي 50 قر . قي لقغبا تقضاضق )ل١لاا(ذقازا كقطا ثالل٠ ج ع قغىا خقياض قىخا كقع ثاقب قاكلا جقل ع : حلااقو ل١ضقا بيا 30 قى تقلل٠ (ظ١قلخا قكق تقا whattman 1 بقا ) ي 5 قق تقعلخما نق١والخا ق نق١ولح و (:ق تقىاكـا 1,2,3,5.7.5 خقيا ق %) ا ـ ض،ل١ضققق قا بققق قيا كقققع ثاققق قب قققغىا هخقىلاض لقخض كب ا ظ١لح تلك و ج لطمض 5 ياقفحكا ى 1 اكلقى كقب قو قز٠ فا قى ج خقىا اـقعا 3 قف تقا قى ثاكلقى ا تقا ع يا خقىا قع ثلقخلا قخا ةلط١قي لققض بققا ظ١ققلخا قك 5 ققمف لققطم ءاقق قق جقققغح( ةلقققزا تقققا ٠لققق خا اقققق واقققغ٠، لقققابا ثاقققلل١ا لقق ق ح وقققى ٠ ققققا )ةلقق قما خقققق قي [16] ثاكلقققق قىا قققق ق١ص ج قققق ق تقمعلاا يكاقضخا تقضلضخا ق ةلط١يا تا ةكالقق قع تقق قصكـض تقق قاغا ققف 227 تقق قضك ت١بقي 570 يكاقضخا ثاكلقى تق ضاخ جقح % :تقق١حلاا ثاققا١با ١ضققيح اقق١٠ - -1 ثاققلل١ا ـققع ، اقق تقق٠ ا ققخما يققي ثكققق ح ققخا -2 ـققع ،تققا كاققق ا -3 ، تقق١ ١بطا كاققق ا ـققع -4 ،كققققق خا ةـقققق ياققققيع -5 ثاققققغابا نققققض تبققققي ،) اققراا اكوف(تقق١ ١بطا -6 بققي ثاققغابا نققض ت ، ثاقق قخا تقق ق ١ب تققا -7 تقق ق٠ ا تبقق قيا ،قق قىا ثاقق قغابا نقق قب -8 ثاقققغابا لقق قع يقق ق تققققا ا ثاكلققق قى ققققف جققق قينض ققققخا تققق ق١ ١بطا ،ةلط١قيا 9 - داقلاا ق ثاقغابا تق١صاخا ياقيع . تا ا ت١صااووهعهن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 3 : تشلانناو جئاتننا تغا ش اخا ١بح ( يـضا ف 1 ا ) غىا خياض تا ا ثالل١ خما يي ا٠ل يىاخح ل١ضا بيا كع ثاب قاكلا ثلوا ـمف ، ن١والخا ةا٠م ن١والخاض تا ا 7.5,5,3,2,1 جغض فا تفخ خل يي كو % ثالل١ خل تبي عا 66.67 ن١ولخا ـع % 7.5 فخ % ا 10 ن١ولخا ـع % 1 % جغض خا ةلط١يا تعض اىا١ل 3.33 . % غ جغا فا [17] كطا ثالل٠ تا ا ثا١علما تضاضق ) ضالا( ل١لاا dacus ciliatus ا جعالح خل يي كو ا ثا ١ض 90-10 كقب ١رلاا غىا خي % ا٠ن١بلاا 100-2.5 % غىا خي ن١والخا ـع ه٢ا قاكلا 8-1 يي اىا١ل % تغابا ةلط١يا تا ف خما 15 % 5 % ل١يفح ى٠ . اخا ع ١خيا ى خما يي يافحكا اض ا١ا خا ح خا ش اخا ت١ ا١١ىا ثابولا ف ا ٠ ـل ثاخا ا ت٠ازا ا غىا خيا ف ةص ي ةلما ـوا ا اق ثا١ضلخا [18] ـ ح ، ا ثاو بح خا اا ثا١ضلخا ل ةا ت١ا ف ا خا ت٠لغا لايلاا [20,19] إ . ا١ا خا ح خا ش اخا ١ا ح ا تضا جاو [21] يافحكا ا ي ١غطا ءايف يلاا كطا ثالل٠ خل ي ت١ ـا tribolium castaneum تفاا ـع 0.5 ١ي٠مافا ـ٠ل % vassicine ل١ضا بيا كع ثاب قاكا خيا يلاا لل١ا كطا ثالل١ اقغا ىا ا ت١ ـا ١غطا ءايف tribolium castaneum نلا ا ثا 50 ، ثالل١ا % ثاغاض تض ف ال١رأح تفالاا ق ثلوا او ظا او . تا ا ق تضحاا دالاا sadek[22] اا از١ا خيا ا ال١رأح او ل١ضا بيا كع ثاب قاكلا ا١ض ، طما تلك ة ثالل٠ ت٠قغخ ا ا ااى الل١ا ت٠قغح ـع بيا كع ثاب قاكا ع ث ا ح ثالل١ خل تبي طعا ل١ضا 100 ـ ض % 26 ت١يا اع خيا اق ا ، ا٠ ع اخ٠قغح ـع ثالل١ا ـ ت٠قغخ ا ءاقغ خيا اق تفاا ـع ا قاكلاا قاكلا غىا خي ا او، عاطلاا ا بيا كع ثاب كق ح ف اغا ال١رأح ل١ض ىخا ١ضلاا لغبا تضاضق ذازا كطا ثالل٠ كق ح ةـ يا جغض فا ، 11.80 ن١ولخض ا٠ 1 ةلط١يا تا ع ا٠ اللف جى خا % ك ةـ جل ن١ولخا ام او ثلاا ا ت١مض ا خ جفأف ءاكق ا 3.50 ـع ٠ ن١ولخا 5 خا ةلط١يا تعض اىا١ل % كق خا ةـ ا١ف جغض 6.06 يبيا ٠ ـل ، ٠ ف خيا ل١رأح ا ءاكق ا ك ةـ ةا٠م ف ١بزحا ل١أح ا ي٠ فا لايلاا ل . ءاكق ا ك تاا ا ي٠ ا لايلاا ت١ع ( يـضا ف اعلاا ١غخا ش اخ ج١ض 1 ) ةلط١يا تا ن١والخا ١ض ت٠ قلف ص يـ ف ك ةـ عا جغض فا ، ءاكق ا ك ةـ ءاكق 11.8 ن١ولخا ـع ا٠ 1 فخ % ءاكق ا كـ ةـ لا جغض فا ، ن١ولخا ةا٠نض 3.5 ن١ولخض ٠ 5 خا ةلط١يا تا ض تكام % جغض 6.06 ـل كاق ا خل يي ا او ، ٠ خيا خيا ن١ولخا ةا٠نض ثام فا تا ت١صاا كاق خل تبي أا جغض للغىا لخياض ثالل١ا 13.30 ـع % ن١للولخا 1 ا ح فحلخ % 33.33 ـع % ن١ولخا 7.5 ثاولاا يي ا ـص او ، % ن١والخا ةا٠نض ثام ـل تا ا ثالل١ ١ض ت٠ قلف ص ظع هقو ت خيا ا ثلااع كو ف ةلط١يا تا ن١والخ نص نض تبي عا جغض فا ،ثاخا 20 ن١ولخا ـع % 1 ا فخ % 10 ـع % ن١ولخا 5 جغبف تا ثاغابا اا ، % 10 % ن١ولخا ـع 2 ا فخ % 6.70 ـع % ن١ولخا 5 ثلاا ا ت١مب % الف جغض ا١ض % للاا تضحاا كاق ا ا ش اخا ج١ض او . ةل١غ ىح غىا خياض ثالل١ا تا كاق ض تكام تم١لك كق ح تفيا ثاف ضغا ع ةكال ل١ي ت كاقع كو، ةلط١يا ا ض ث لايلاا تلاي للخا ض ا ثاغابا ك ا ا ـع ىح ثاغابا اخغصا ـ ضح ع لاف ت تضحاا ثاغابا ا ا اضع لغ ااىا ةل١غ ال١طا ع ةكال ل١ي تف١ ىح ةـ ١ ا ىخح ةلط١ياض تكام اـص ف يبيا ٠ ـل . ةلط١ياض تكام ت٠ ت١م ثاف ا تنخا تغصلااض تا كاق ا كو با ت٠ازا ت١ ا١١ىا ثابول ا ا نضا ن ل اضا ال١رأح خيا ف ةصا ك١ ٠ ا لايلاا ءارا ف ف٠ قا تراـغا ـوا ا اق ، لايلاا ت١ع kokate[23] فا ت١ا ف ثلوا ثاب ةكا١طا ث٠نا ا ـوا تراـغا ل ل١رأخ تضا juvenile hormone ةلع ف dusdercus koenigii حلغ اكا ال١رأح ةكا١طا ث٠نا ثلوا ملا تىى . غا ءايف ( يـضا ف ت١با ش اخا جغا 1 ا ) كاق ا ت١ ١بطا دالاا كوقا نض يي تضاضق )ل١لاا( ذازا كطا ثالل٠ تغخا لغبا تعلخما ن١والخاض تا ا ىخا ١ضلاا 7.5-1 ثاب قاكلا غىا خيا %ووهعهن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 4 ىض جفا ـل ل١ضا بيا كع كق خا ع تا ا ثالل١ا ةكـل يلا ع ع ةكال ىح اى ءاكق ا تلاي ٠ىح نض تبي عا جغض فا ، تغابا ك ا كطخا ت١ ١بطا ثاغاب 56.70 ن١ولخا ـع % 1 % ا فخ 6.66 ن١ولخا ـع % 5 اىا١ل % جغض خا ةلط١يا تعض 93.34 جمفا ، % ن١ولخا ـع ااح نبا ثاغابا 7.5 % تبيض 100 ا ا ٠ هف ف يبيا % 66.67 ا اا جى ـل تا ا ثالل١ا % ءنض خبي ا مبخا 33.33 ك ـف % .ثاغابا ك ا ح جحا الا لاا ءاكقل ا ( لوذج 1 شجشنا عبسنا كهح ثابن قاسولا نوحكنا صهختسنا ني تفهتخي زكاشت شثأت ) adhatoda vasica ظسوتنا ضبلاا شحبنا تبابزن شخلاا سوطنا ثالشن تاحنا ءادلاا ف ceratitis capitata : - زكشتنا % متل % ثالشنا s.e ةذي لذعي سوذنا )وو(لشنا s.e سزعت % ثالشنا s.e ةذي لذعي سوذنا )وو(ءاسزعنا s.e متل % ىسازعنا s.e ثاغنابنا غوزب % s.e تعبطنا ثاغنابنا شع ظسوتي )وو( s.e عبط عوجنا هوشي زج ئ control 3.333.33 e* 1.060.06 b 96.673.33 a 6.060.06 b 3.333.33 e 46.670.0 a 46.670.0 a 93.340.33 a 0.000.00 b 0.000.00 b 18.760.27 a 17.000.14 a 1 10.000.00 e 3.470.36 a 90.000.00 a 11.802.61 a 13.303.69 de 36.70.00 b 200.00 b 56.700.33 b 0.000.00 b 20.00.00 a 2.860.29 b 2.000.03 b 2 20.000.00 d 2.680.53 a 80.000.00 b 10.731.88 a 23.344.16 d 200.00 c 13.330.0 b 33.330.33 c 10.00.58 a 13.30.67 ab 2.660.08 b 1.900.10 b 3 30.000.00 c 1.780.04 b 70.000.00 c 4.530.29 b 36.664.76 c 100.00 cd 3.340.00 bc 13.340.33 d 6.70.33 ab 13.30.67 ab 2.001.15 b 0.330.33 b 5 50.005.77 b 1.580.22 b 50.005.77 d 3.500.76 bc 33.348.67 b 3.330.00 d 3.330.00 c 6.660.67 de 0.000.00 b 10.00.58 ab 0.660.66 b 0.330.33 b 7.5 66.673.33 a 1.430.06 b 33.333.33 e 0.000.00 c 33.330.00 a * __* c * __* c * __* e * __* b * __* b * __* b * __* b خنا زكاشتنا نب تونعي قوشف دوجو يهع لذت تفهتخنا ةشغصنا فوشحنا * تناتحا ىوتسي ذنع تفهت 0.05 ) (p .دوذحنا دذعتي نكند سابتخا بسحب . تهياعنا ثاششحنا عج ثوي ببسب تغنابنا شع ظسوتي ذذحت ىت ىن ** * s.e ينعب standered error . :سداصنا 1- baquar,s.r. 1989 . medicinal and poisonous of pak . j . med. 9(186): 95-96. 2--board, n. 2004. hand books of herbs cultivation and processing. national institute of industrial. pp:400. 3-dymoch, w.1972.pharmacographia india. the institute of health &tibbi researchi. p:50-54. 4- joshi, b.s.,m.g. newtown, d.w. lee, a.d.barber, and pelletier.s.w. 1996. reversal of absolute stereochemeistry of the pyrrolo(2,1-b) quinazoline alkaloids vasicine, vasicinone, vasicinol and vasicinolone. j. science direct-tetrahedron. 7(1): 25-28. 5- mahmoudian, m.h. jalilpour and p.salehian.2002 . toxicity of peganum harmala : review and case report. iran j. pharma . thera .1(1):1-4. 6- paliwa. j.k., a.k. and dwived, r.c.singhs & gutpa. 2000. pharmacokinetics and insito absorption studies of anew antiallergic compound in rats. j.med..20, 197:213-20 7- rajani,m. and k. pundarikakshuda. 1996. anote on the seasonalvariation of alkaloids in adhatoda vasica ness. intern. j. pharma. 34(4):308-309 8-drew,r.a.i., 1987. behavioral strategies of fruit flies of the genus dacus (diptera:tephritid) significant in mating & host-plant realationships. bull entomol.res. 77:73-81 9- dohary, k.l.1987.bionomic of fruit flies daus spp. in some fruits. ind. j.entomol. 45(4):406-413. 10-shroeder,w.j.,d.l. chambers, and r.y.miyabara. 1973. reproduction of the melon fly, mating activity and mating compatibility of flies treated to function i sterile-release program. j.econ.entomol.66:661-663. 11 - . ١الضا ، كبضا 2007 تواف كار تضاضف . ثا١غا ١حايض ف تفا ىخا لغبا تغفاى ع ت٠اكا ةل .اع اوا لغبا تضاضف . ىخا ١ضلاا 43 تغف 12- harborn, j.b. 1973. phytochemical methods aguid to modern technique of plant analysis. halsted press. john wiley & sons. newyork. p:278.ووهعهن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 5 13- harborn,j.b. 1984. phytochemical methods, aguide to modern technique of analysis. chapman and ttall,2 nd ed. newyork. p:288. 14 - لاابا ـ١ك ـصا ،قا ع ، ـغ . اـا ىاص 2005 ـ٠ل ساخا . .ل١ضا بيا كع ثاب ١ىمافا تا فا اا ض ا١١ىا خغا تفخ ت١حاض ءانصا ثاخي ا١ص٠اض ا تامخا داغضا تض. ـض . ت٠١غ 7 ـع ، 2 ، تغف 47 - 62 . 15 - .ـ١ك ـصا ، لابا 2003 ل١راح . ١ي٠مافا ـ٠ل اا ت١حابا ثاخيا ل١ضا بيا كع ثاب . \ adhatoda vasica تاىك . تلا ١رالضا ض ف اـغض ت اص. ا ت١و / ل١خيصا 16 - .ـغ ىاص ـعا ،لا 2003 ل١راح . ف ت٠لغا ا ثاو ض يا لاا .ث ا١علما كار تضاضف ع ةلط١يا dacus ciliates (diptera:tephritidae) تاىك تعاكنا ت١و ، ل١خيصا - اـغض ت اص 91 . تغف 17 - .لى كاخيا ـبع ـصا ،غ 2007 . هلاا قاكا ا٠ن١بلاا كقض خي ل١راح كار تضاضق ت١حا١غا و١٠اما ض ف ثا١علما dacus cilitus (diptera:tephritidae) ل١خيصا تاىك . ثاب ا ت١و / - اـغض ت اص 18 - . اطى ـعا كاع ، ي ةلما 2005 . ثاب كقب اا خيا ل١راح تىاك . ااطبا ثاك تزع ت١حا١ع ف ابي١يا .ا٠ ت١و / ل١خيصا تاىك 19- nakajam ,s. and k. kawazu .1987 . heterocycles 10 :117 . in.hedin ,p. a.(ed) (1983). plant resistance to insects . acs . symposium. ser.208. maple press.p. 93 20-salama , k . 1983. plant resistance to insects. ac. symposium .ser. 208 maple press.p. 92 21- saxena, b.p., k. tikku ,c.k. atal and o. koul. 1986. insect antifertility and antifeedant allelochemics in adhatoda vasica . insect science and its applications. 7., 4,:489-493. 22- sadek ,m.m. 2003. antifeedant and toxic activity of adhatoda vasica leaf extract against spodoptera littoralis (lepidoptera :noctuidae) . j.appl. entomol. 127. 7 :396-404. 23- kokate ,c.k., apte.s.s and ashok.r. 1985. anti insect and juvenoidal activity of phytochemical derived from adhatoda vasica . ind. j. nat. prod,. 1.2 : 7-9 .ووهعهن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 6 effect of alcoholic extract of adhatoda vasica leaves on some biological performance of ceratitis capitata larvae emad a. mahmood* ayad a. al-taweel** hiba s. ahmaed* *college of science for women\university of baghdad **ministry of science and technology /agriculture research center. abstract: many biological tests were done to study the effect of the crude alcoholic leaves extracts on the biological characteristics at the larvae fruit fly ceratitis capitata with different concentrations of the extracts exposed 1,2,3,5 and 7.5 % at constant laboratory conditions includes the temperature and the relative humidity (272c 0 &705 % respectively). the results of the experiments showed that the alcoholic extracts of the plant effected the growth and the development of the larvae and pupae according to the concentrations . the alcoholic extracts proved to have the highest mortality tend to 66.76 % in larva treated with alcoholic at concentration 7.5 % the result also showed that, there was no signifecant differences on the perid of larva pupation that treated with the different concentration.وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 7 سفزكنا قارواو روذبن وبخنا ةنىحكنا تبصهختسنا زثأت var apium grveolens dulce ضبنا ازئفنا ف ةىثلاا تبىيزهنا يىتسي هع وبح ةسر دازي * ببتعنا دازي للاش ** شجا لازسا 25 ، بضا ٠رشر ، 2008 رشا يجل 29 ، ار٠ز ، 2009 صلاخنا ة : سا ىا د ٠دزا خ ١با خ ساردا ذفدز quantitative determination ١عرز سرا ر خ ١ىا دب صصزسبث خ باا ط١ جا ارئفا سبإ يص ف دبج٠رغ زفا را رز١سعرجا ب صا 95 ا ب فررا خ ساردا ظ ب ز در تا تإ .افر ىا دب ج رر ث قارر % (p0.001) ز ١ورر ف ز ١ورزث خ ٠ا حرب ٠ة ذ ش ١ حرم١ سا خ طغ ١ ل م ب سب١ل دب صصزسا ا ر ١عرز سرا ر ب ض١ا صز سا ف ١عرز سرا ر 95 ب ض٠را صز سا ب لار % 95 صز سا ص ،% بض٠را - ورزث حرب٠زا ذبو ب١ث ،افرىا ررج بصا بض١ا دب صصزس خج سبث ١عرز سرا ر ز١ ب ض٠را صز سا ف افر ىا قارر خ ١ىا 95 ب ض١ا ١٠ ، را % 95 صز سا ١٠ ص ،% ب فررا خ ١ربجا دب صصزسا ذصد ا ب و .حرم١ سبث ب زربم د ط افر ىا قارر ب صا ب ض١ا ب ض٠را ا [p0.01] ورر ف ب ٠ا ب طبفررا دب١ ب صرا ذغ س تإ ،حرم١ سبث ب زربم ر١ز سعرجا ر ز١ بض١ا صزسا ف را ز١ورزث 95 ب ض٠را صز سا ١٠ % 95 ب ض٠را صز سا ص % – سا ف ر١ز سعرجا ر ز ١ورزث حرب ٠زا ذغ س ب ١ث ،افرىا ررج بصا بض١ا ب ض٠را صز 95 ب صا ب ض١ا صزسا بلار % 95 ب ض٠را صز سا ص ، % – افر ىا قارر ب صا ب ض١ا .حرم١سا خطغ ١مث بزربم دط ب٠ا بطبفررا خساردا ذغس بو [p0.05] دبج٠رغ زفا را ز١ورر ف fsh حرب ٠زا ر ذغث ب ررت ب ض٠را صز سا ف - ب ض١ا صز سا ١٠ ،ب صا ب ض١ا 95 ،افر ىا رر ج % ص ب ض١ا صز سا 95 ظ ب زا ذغ س ب ١ث ،حرم١ سا خ طغ م ب زربم د ط افر ىا قارر % ب٠ا بظبفصا [p0.01] دبج٠رغ زفا را زس ف fsh ب ض٠را صز سا ف رر ج ب صا بض٠را صزسا ١٠ لارا افرىا – بم دط افرىا قارر بصا بض٠را ر حرم١سبث بز :ةاحبتفنا تباهكنا female hormones, apium graveolens var dulce, plants hormone female hormone. ةيذمنا : ا خ بل ف خ بى افرىا ز٠ خ١را دبربج ظ٠ تإ ،ضاررا د٠داا طلاا ادصزسرا خ٠رغزا ءبط جل ر١جو بزبث افرىا خ٠ب١١ىا دبجورا ٠ز٠ ب ارظ خ٠ررا ض خ١ظرا دربا ر١ضىا طلاط ف خبافا ف دصزس٠ بو ىا خبضا صبفا ةبزا اجا ثرا طلاط خ١لردا غرف رىسا ي بر١غ ] 2,1 [ د٠داا ط افرىا ز٠ بو حدسولا داربعو ار زا خ٠ب١١ىا دبجورا خ١سبسرا د٠زا ب ر١فمزا غرسزا در١فا داد٠فلافا خزثبضا حرب١ما دب١رربىا دب٠رب١ىا دبز١بزا رخرا را داد٠ما ر١غ خاجشا ،خ١دا ضب ف خج ارا دب١بز١فا خ١١را ضبرا خاجشا ف ؤر زا خ١داا رصباا دا ءبا خ١بغرسا اررا طلاط ] 5,4,3 [ ر١ص ر خ فرا خ ساردا ر ١ صر ر ار ررجا( افرىا دبج بصا خ١ىا دبصصزسا )قاررا خ٠د٠ر١ز سا دب را ز س ط را ١عرز سرا ر١ز سعرجا ض دب ج٠رغ ز فا را ض رىسا ١ررجا .fsh حرب ١غ د ٠ة ط افر ىا قارا زر ١ز س٠با ب ا 29 ١١ سبز١ث % bet selinene 70 يج٠ررب فا % alpha-terpinol ي ١فارو ، craveol dihyadocarvone geranyl acetate ، phthalides b-ocimene coumarins بو خ ١١فا دب جورا ط زر phenolic compound ، اد ع خ ١بط ز ١وارزث بطاا م١غث ءب ا ف خ ج ارا دب ١بز١فا ، ١ و ١ز سرا رب اا ط اث ط زر ب و ، ب د ا خزثبضا د٠زا fixed oil . ] 6 [ . * دبج اا خ١و /حب١ا ط سل / رادغث خابع ** خ١جما خصارا بغرسا سج رادغث زور / خ٠رصزسا خابغاوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 8 بو عرإ افر ى خ ١ىا دبصصزسا إ ،دب٠دلاوبز سرجا طب زا ١ جضر ط حرد ل دات ز خ ف ةا زا حرب طا ط دطب سر ضا خرب ث ب م١جضر دب١ردلاوبز سرجا ر ا دب صمز ] 7 [ غ ظ ب فررا ط خ ضا . دا ] 8 [ ىا نلازسا ث دع بو . ا رؤ٠ افر ازر ه ت خ ظب٠را خ ١ط سد يدا حرب٠ة ب ز١بافث خ صبا خ ١ربجا دب١عرز سرا ط زا خ٠د٠ر١ز سا دب ر ب ١١ىا ب ج١ورر افر ىا از س٠ ب و .خ ظبثرا خ ١ط ط رصؤ ر .ماا را ط١جا وبش طلاا ظىا حدغا بع٠ا افرىا زف٠ طبزا ط خ٠ر ا cortison ،ب داةار فرا ب٠رع ظ٠ ا١جما طب زا ب ٠رىجا ط ر١ص ر ت ث ذ جصا ب و رى سا يا جا طلا ط ف دطب س٠ تا ١ سرا ةار فا ت ١ا طبزا ط خ١جا ردغا مغش٠ .دضا ] 9 [ . زطو داىنا ئا معنا ك : ىا دب ج دب ١ط م ع ر افر apuim graveolus ب ص١صشر )رر جا قاررا( خ ابع / اا خ ١و / سا طرزود ا جل حد ط و قاررا رر جا ذ غ /راد غث ف ذا ظ خ ما خ ١عبعة دا جط ف ذ ظف ( خ عردث حد غا - 20 ) ف ادصز سرا ١ ر١ عر ر تإ .ب صا خ ١ربجا دبصصزسا ر١عر أ خ سسزز١وارر خ اثر (250,500,1000,2000mg/ml) ب ض٠نا ب ض١ا ب ض٠نا صز سا بصا بض١ا 95 % خم٠رغ تسث ] 10 [ . روذب و قارولأ وبخنا تبصهختسنا زضحت سفزكنا ر ﱠ رر ج ب صا دب صصزسا ر١ عر ﹺ قارا ﹺ ر ىا ١ط ث افر ىا دب ج خ ج٠را د ب صا ) ب ض١ا، ب ض٠نا( 95 ب مف % خ م٠رم ] 10 [ . صز سا ر١ عر إ خفب ظنبث .با بعزث بصا بض١ا بض٠نا ةا انىحكنا تبا اصهختسهن تزثلا انا تبا اعزجنا ذا اذحت ازئفنا ف وبخنا ب باةا ذارر ارئفا ردط خئ١ر ذر ( ١ ث 20 - 25 ) غ دب صصزسا ر١ عر د اث ب صا خ ١بض١ا خ ١بض٠را خ١بض١ا خ١بض٠را رب جزخا ر ،)قاررا أ رر جا( افر ىا دب ج ر غا ( 251 - 6111 )ىاغم ك اهي ذ ١مطا زا فا ك ٠رغ ط ار ئف orally خ م خم ساث ط رب زطنبث ه ت ضر غا ار حد ا خ صبخ را صا خ م٠رغ يز ا up & down زا ب روت ] 11 [ . خ ز١ا خ١م سا خ طرغا د ٠دز ءب ع١جا ار ئف ى حد ا حر ف م ر . برادم خطرغث ربج صزس (250 mg/kg) ب إ ( م ٠رغز خ ١ با حءار ما خغ١ز درخأ يلا خ )ب ١ )ب مث أ ا ١ا نلا 24 خطب س ث اتئف ، م٠رغزا ر خأ حر ف رخؤر ب١ ا١ا م طأ ز١ورزث رغر (500mg/kg) مث ئ ف طأ ز ١ورزث خ ضبص حر ف مر ، ب ع٠أ ب ١ (1000mg/kg) خ غ١ز أر مر سغا ة ز١ورزب ث ارا ص خ ١اا رر ىر ار ى ، م ٠رغزا نلا ا سد أ ، خ با ف ر ١غر سد٠ ز خ١اا ررىر ز ٠ بد اث ، ز١وارزبث اراص رز نلا ا ب ١ف سد ذدصز سأ خ طرع ر خر ذ ١جضر إ رؤ ر خ١ س دات دب صصزس ادصز سإ د ط : خرباا كجمر ارئفا نلا ld50 xf kf xf ذدصزسأ رع رخر : d م : خ طرغا ف ذ ثبضا ب صما حرب ٠زا راد حبماا k ك تسر خ١دع خ١ل : dixon دب ج ب صا خ ١ىا دب صصزسا إ رإ د ط فا ك٠رغ ط خبس ر١غ بو ذزجصأ افرىا ز ١ورر (15000 mg /kg) قاررا رر ج هر خطرغا ارئفا ط بس ر١ص ر أ أرم٠ د ا٠ . خ١را دبربجا ةبزجتنا تباىح ي وذنا تبع عج : خ اغ ك ٠رغ ط حر بج تما دا تس ر ا دا خى خ١و رجوا ط يص تما ر ضصزا مب ط زر ر خصبخ داجط ف ظف رر جا ز ورا رر ما ةب غث باظ ص يد اث 3000 حرار خعردث خم١لر /حرر 25 حد 10 يز ط ر ص صا ط ي صا ضر ا ك ب لر ف ظف صا appendrof ١ ا ز رث خ ا .حدغا ف ظف ت س خ١ س١ ر م١ب غ خاج س ا دبا١ا ذسل ا ط ث م ٠رغزا ر ر ا صز سا :ررا - عر خ طغ و 20 ف خز سا ١ سمر ر ضا ر خ ٠بص م١ب غ خ اثرا ا را خ١ س١ را م١بغ ( عر زا 5 ا ا د بث ب ا٠رغر ر ،)ار ئف )قارا رر جا( ب صا خ ١ىا دب صصزسا فا ك٠رغ ط ،لاطا حرورا خاثررا ز١وارزبث حد 30 ضر ذ بىف خاثب سا خ طغا ب ا . ٠ خطغ .حرم١سا ةىثلاا تبىيزهنا يىتسي سبل ب ١ل ص ار ئفا ر صا صف د اث ١عرز سرا دب ر ز س estrogen e2وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 9 ( رز س١عرجا ,progesterone (p4 را دب ج٠رغ ز فا fsh follicle stimulating hormone راد غث ز ور ف ، ماا خ عرا سب ثر خ م٠رمث ٠ر ا خ ابع / طبا نا طب ا رب جزخنا radioimmuny assay rio بو راد ط ةبع ادصزسبث ب gamma counter خ صصصا دب را ب ١ل حد ط خور حزغا ارئف . bio international company ئبصحلاا مهحتنا ظ بز ذاعخ ب صرا ١زا ا خ ساردا درد اا ١ ث خ ٠اا قر فا خ فرا ضر غ رب ١زخا يباز سبث duncan multiple range test رغ صرا اا قر فا ادصز س ث ه ت . .least significant difference (lsd) جئبتنا : م١ع إ إ خ١با خساردا ظ بز درب ا زا ارئفا خ١ربجا دبصصزسبث ذطرع )خ١بض١ا خ١بض٠را خ١بض١ا خ١بض٠را( افرىا دبج بصا apium graveolens l. ا درأ خفزصا بطرغث )قاررا ررجا( دبرا دب٠زس ف دار١غر سد ١عرزسرا( خ٠ضرا خ٠د٠ر١زسا e2 رزسعرجا p4 را ،) ت١ورزا دات دب رىسا ١ررجا glycoprotein را ب دبج٠رغ زفا fsh خجسث ب١ف 111 % ب١ث خباا ر١غ خطغا دبا١ ا رظر .خ١ر دار١غر )حرم١سا( خ طرغا را خ طغا ظ ب ز در تأ ع افر ىا رر ج ب صا بض٠نا صزسبث ر ا ب فررإ ( 10111 p ) ر ز س ف رغب ث خطرغا خاثررا دبطغ ١عرزسرا ( 21110111105110251 غو / غ ) ،حرم١ سا خ طغ م ب زربم د ط صز سا خ طغا د ط حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ذ غث ش ١ ( خ طرغبث خ طرغا 251 ىاااااغم كىاااااغهي ) ا ب ض٠را صز سا د مف افر ىا رر ج ب ص ذغث ( 744086 17996079 حرب ٠زث رارز ر زا ) خ طغا ف ب ررت صز خدصز سا خ طرغا خطرغبث خطرغا ( 2111 )ىاغم كىاغهي ذ غث ش ١ ( 1347011 441510132 ) ف ظ ب و يدع ( 1 ) .حرم١سا خطغ باث بزربم دط ا خ طغا ظ ب ز ذغ س ب و خ ١بضا خ ٠رئف دبج قارر بصا بض٠نا صزسبث خطرغا ا ب فررإ ر ع افر ىا ( 10111 p ) ف خ اثررا م١ب غ ١عرز سرا ر ز س حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ث ش١، صزسبث خطرغا خ طرغبث خ طرغا خ طغا د ط ( 251 كىااغهي )ىاااغم ذغ س تإ ( 819099 15381012 ،) زا د ط ب لاطا صز خدصزسا خطرغا حرب٠زث رارزر خ طرغبث خ طرغا خ طغا ( 2111 )ىاغم كىاغهي ذ غث تإ ( 152621059 229356044 ب و ) ( يدع ف ظ 1 .) خ ضبضا خ ٠رئفا خ طغا ظ ب ز در تا ب ١ث دب ج رر ج ب صا بض١ا صزسبث خطرغا ف رع افرىا خ٠ا قر ( 10111 p ) ر خ طرغا خ اثررا دب طغا ف ١عرز سرا د مف حرم١سا خطغ م بزربم دط صزسبث خ طرغبث خ طرغا را خ طغا در تا ( 251 )ىا اغم كىا اغهي ذ غث ش ١ حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ( 881083 7989023 ر غا حرب ٠زث رارز ز ،) يد ا طأ غ سز خدصز سا د ط حرب ٠ز خطرغبث خطرغا خاثارا خطغا ( 2111 كىغهي )ىااغم ذ غث تإ ( 1596019 45492028 ب و ) ( يدع ف ظ 2 .) خ طرغا خ اثارا خ ١علااا خ طغا ب أ افر ىا دب ج قارر بصا بض١ا صزسبث خ ٠ا قر ف ر ع ذغ س د مف ( 10111 p ) ١عرزسرا ر خطرغا خاثررا دبطغ را خ طغا در تا د مف صز سا خ طرغبث خ طرغا ( 251 )ىااغم كىااغهي يد ا لأ حرب ٠ز ( 968014 15115081 رارز ر زا، ) د ط ب ررت صز خدصز سا ر غا حرب ٠زث خطرغبث خطرغا خاثارا خطغا ( 2111 كىغهي )ىااغم ذ غث تإ ( 1276017 59217017 ب و ) ( يدع ف ظ 2 .) خ طرغا خ سبصا خطغا ظ بز درب أ بو قارر ب صا ب ض١ا ب ض٠نا صز سبث خ ٠ا حرب ٠ة ر ع ا افرىا دبج ( 1015 p ) خ اثررا دب طغا ١ ث ١عرز سرا ر خ طغ م ب زربم د ط صز سبث خ طرغا د مف حرم١ سا خ طرغا را خ طغا در تا خ طرغبث ( 251 )ىااغم كىااغهي تإ حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ذغث ( 768058 7518084 ب١غ٠رد ر رارز ر زا ) يد ا طا ذ غث تإ ،خدصز سا ر غا حرب ٠زث د ط ١عرز سرا ر ز س ف حرب ٠ز خطرغبث خطرغا خاثارا خطغا ( 2111 كىغهي ( )ىااغم 1151016 32714031 ظ ب و ) يدغا ف ( 3 ) . خطرغا خسربسا خطغا ظ بز درتأ ب١ث دب ج رر ج بصا بض١ا بض٠نا صزسبث خ ٠ا حرب ٠ة ر ع ا افرىا ( 10111 p ) ف خ اثررا دب طغ ١عرز سرا ر ز س غ م ب زربم د ط صز سبث خ طرغا خ ط خ طرغا را خ طغا در تا د مف حرم١ سا خطرغبث ( 251 )ىغم كىغهي ش ١ حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ذ غث ( 756011 13149096 ذغ س ١ ف ،) خ طرغا خ طغا ف ر حرب ٠ة طاوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 10 خ طرغبث ( 2111 )ىااااااا اغم كىااااااااغهي ذغ س تإ ( 143049 23435049 يدع ف ظ بو ) ( 3 ) . ب ا دم را خ طغ خ ساردا ظ ب ز در رر ج ب صا ب ض٠را صز سبث خ طرغا ز س ف ا ضب فصإ ر ع افر ىا دب ١ثرغ ز فا را fsh دب ا١ صز سبث خ طرغا خ اثررا دب طغا در تا د مف افر ىا رر ج ب صا ب ض٠را خ طرغبث خ طرغا را خ طغا ( 251 كىاغهي )ىااااغم ذغ س ش ١ ضب فصلا يد ا طا (0.2180.00) ضب فصلا يد ا لا غس ب١ث ، ( خ طرغبث خ طرغا خ اثارا خ طغا دط 2000 ث ر ا ) غو / غ (0.2440.00) د ط ذغ س زا حرم١ سا خ طغث ب زربم ( 1012 10321 ف ضب فصرا خج س ذ بو د مف ) فا را زس ف ظ ب و دبج٠رغ ز يدع ( 1 ) . خ ١بضا خ طغ خ ساردا ظ ب ز در تا قارر ب صا ب ض٠را صز سبث خ طرغا ا ضب فصإ ر ع افر ىا ( 1015 p ) ف ا ر ز س fsh دب طغا دب ا١ ب صا ب ض٠را صز سبث خ طرغا خ اثررا د مف افر ىا قارر را خ طغا در تا خ طرغبث خ طرغا ( 251 )ىاغم كىاغهي يد ا طا ذغ س ش ١ ضب فصلا (0.210.00) ب ١ث ، خ طرغبث ذ طرع زا خ اثارا خ طغا در تا ( 2111 )ىاا اغم كىااغهي يد ا لا صز سا ذغ س تإ ضب فصلا (0.240.00) ب زربم د ط ذغ س زا حرم١ سا خ طغث ( 1012 1032 ،) ر ز س ف ضب فصرا خج س ذ بو د مف fsh ي ص ف ر ب صما خج س خ صب ب صا ب ض٠را صز سبث ذ طرع ا ارئفا يدع ف ظ بو افرىا ررج ( 1 ) . خ طغ خ ١با خ ساردا ظ ب ز درب أ د ل بض١ا صزسبث ذطرع زا خضبضا خ١علااا ا ب فررا ر ع افر ىا رر ج ب صا ( 10111 p ) ر fsh ار ئف ي ص ف صز سبث خ طرغا خ اثررا دب طغا ذغ س د مف ،افر ىا رر ج ب صا ب ض١ا خ طرغبث خ طرغا را خ طغا ( 251 كىاغهي )ىاااااااااغم ذ غث ش ١ ا ضب فصا (0.3180.00) ف ا ب فررا ظ ص، يا ذغ س ش ١ ر غا حرب ٠زث را ز س ( خ طرغا د ط حرب ٠ة 500 ذ غث تإ ) غو / غ ( 1012 10483 ف حرب ٠ز يد ا طا صز ،) خ طغا ار ئف ي ص ف را ز س خ طرغبث ذ طرع زا خاثارا ( 2111 )ىاغم كىاغهي ذ غث ش١ صزسا ( 10152 10195 ) د ط غث ب زربم ذغ س زا حرم١ سا خ ط ( 1012 10322 ) ز س ف حرب٠زا خجس ذبو دمف را ( 71 ،% 82 ،% 111 )% دب طغ رغب ث خ طرغا ( 511 ، 1111 ، ] 2111 كىاااغهي )ىاغم ف ب صما خج س ذ بو ب ١ث ،ا زا ط خ طرغبث ذ طرع زا خطغ را زس ( 251 )ىاا اغم كىاا اغهي 11 % ب و ظ يدع ( 2 0) خ ١علااا خ طغ خ ١با خ ساردا در تأ ب صا ب ض١ا صز سبث ذ طرع زا خاثارا خ ٠ا قر ف ر ع افر ىا قارر ( 1015 p ) ر fsh دب طغا دب ا١ ي ص ف ب صا ب ض١ا صز سبث خ طرغا خ اثررا ي صث ب زربم د ط افر ىا قارر ار ئف قر ف ر ع د ط ذغ س ش١ ،حرم١سا خطغ ا ر ز س ف خ ٠ا fsh خ طغ ( خ طرغبث خ طرغا را 251 )ىاغم كىاغهي د ط ذ غث تإ حرم١ سا خ طغث ب زربم (0.230.00) ب فررا ر ع ظ ب زا ذغ س ب١ث ، م١ب غا خ ١مج را ز س ف ا غ سز خ طرغا خ طرغا خ اثارا خ طغا خطرغبث ( 2111 )ىغم كىغهي ف حرب٠ز يدا طا ث ش ١ را ز س ( 1011 10239 ب و ) يد ع ف ظ ( 2 ) حرب ٠زا خج س ذ بو د مف . يا ر ز س ف fsh ( 72 ،% 77 ،% 111 .ازا ط رخرا خصلاضا رغ )% خ ١با خ ساردا ظ بز ذر خ ١علااا خ طغ ب ض٠را صز سبث ذ طرع زا خ سبصا ضب فصا ر ع افر ىا قارر ب صا ب ض١ا ا ( 1011 p ) ر fsh ي ص ف خ طرغا خ اثررا دب طغا دب ا١ رر ج ب صا ب ض١ا ب ض٠را صز سبث ،حرم١ سا خ طغ باث ب زربم د ط افر ىا ب صما خج س ذ بو د مف ( 41 ،% 51 ،% 53 ،% 61 )% ا ر ز س ف fsh ر غ رات صز سبث ذ طرع زا خ طغ خ اثررا يدع ف ظ بو ازا ط ( 3 ) . ر ع ا خ ١با خ ساردا ظ ب ز درب أ ب و خ٠ا قرف ( 10111 p ) ا ر زس ف fsh ررا دب طغ صز سبث خ طرغا خ اث د ط افر ىا رر ج ب صا ب ض١ا ب ض٠نا ذغ س ش ١ ،حرم١ سا خ طغ باث ب زربم ا ضب فصإ ر ع خ ساردا ( 1011 p ) ف ا ر ز س fsh را خ طغ خ طرغبث خ طرغا ( 251 )ىاااغم كىاااغهي ذ غث تإ ( 10258 ) ا ب فررا ظ ب ١ث ( 1015 p ) ا ر ز س ف fsh ر غا حرب ٠زث ف حرب ٠ة يا ذغس تإ صزسا خدصزسا خ طرغبث خطرغا خطغا دط را زس ( 511 )ىااااغم كىااااغهي ذ غث تإ ( 10111 10657 ،) خ طغا د ط حرب ٠ز يد ا طا ذغ س ب ١ثوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 11 خ طرغبث خ طرغا خ اثارا ( 2111 )ىاغم كىاغهي تإ ث ذ غ ( 10146 30382 ) حرب ٠زا خج س ذ بو د مف ، را ز س ف ( 71 ،% 83 ،% 111 % ) ب و ،ا زا ط ر خرا خ صلاضا دب طغ لر يدع ف ظ ( 3 ) خ ٠ا قر ف ر ع خ ساردا ذغ س ( 1015 p ) ا ر ز س ف fsh ١ ث خ اثررا ر غا ( 21110111105110251 كىاااغهي )ىاغم ب ض٠نا( خ فزصا خ ١ىا دب صصزس قارر )ب صا بض١ا بض٠نا بض١ا ط١ جا ارئفا سبإ يص ف افرىا دبج ررث .بث خطرغا خ طرغا را خ طغا ظ ب ز ذ ظا افر ىا دب ج رر ج ب صا ب ض٠نا صز سبث ا ب فررا ر ع ( 1015 p ) ز س ف ار ئف ي ص ف رز سعرجا ر صز سبث خ طرغا خ اثررا دب طغا ذغ س ش ١ ،افر ىا دب ج ررج بصا بض٠نا خطرغا دط حرب٠ز يدا لا ( 251 )ىاغم كىاغهي تإ ذ غث ( 1019 7024 ) اا ب فرررا رارز ٠ ، جز صز سا خدصز سا ر غا حرب ٠زث خ طرغا د ط ب لاطا ( 2111 )ىاغم كىاغهي ذ غث تإ ( 1021 63083 ) حرم١ سا خ طغث ب زربم د ط ذغس زا ( 1011 1011 حرب ٠زا خجس ذبو دمف ،) ( 21 ،% 52 ،% 71 ،% 91 )% دب طغ يد ع ف ظ ب و.ازا ط خ اثررا ( 1 .) خ ١بضا خ ١علااا خ طغا ظ ب ز درب أ صزسبث رع افرىا قارر بصا بض٠نا ا ب فررا ( 1015 p ) ر ز س ف خ طرغا خ اثررا دب طغ رز سعرجا د مف ،افر ىا قارر ب صا ب ض٠نا صزسبث خ طرغبث خ طرغا را خ طغا در تا ( 251 )ىا اغم كىا اغهي ذ غث ش ١ حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ( 1081 2075 ) زا حرصؤ ا ر غا حرب ٠زث رارزر خ طغا د ط ب لاطا غ سز صز سا خ طرغبث خ طرغا خ اثارا ( 2111 )ىاغم كىاغهي تإ ذ غث ( 4071 94048 ) باث ب زربم د ط ذغ س زا حرم١ سا خطغ ( 1011 1011 د مف ) ر ز س ف حرب ٠زا خج س ذ بو رز سعرجا ( 21 ،% 32 ،% 56 ،% 95 )% ف ظ ب و ،ا زا ط خاثررا دبطغ يدع ( 1 0) ب فررا ر ع خ ضبضا خ طغا ظ ب ز ذغ س ا ( 1015 p ) ر ز س ف خ طرغا خ اثررا دب طغ رز سعرجا د مف افر ىا رر ج ب صا ب ض١ا صز سبث خ طرغبث خ طرغا را خ طغا در تا ( 251 ي )ىا اغم كىا اغه ذ غث ش ١ حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ( 10127 10288 ) ر غا حرب ٠زث رارز ر زا د ط حرب ٠ز يد ا طا غ سز خدصز سا ( خ طرغبث خ طرغا خ طغا 2000 ) غو / غ ذ غث تإ ( 130377 1380116 ) ب زربم د ط ذغ س زا حرم١ سا خ طغ باث ( 1011 1011 ٠زا خجس ذبو دمف ،) ز س ف حرب رجسعرجا ر p4 ( 7 ،% 19 ،% 28 ،% 95 )% ب و ،ا زا ط خاثررا دبطغ يدع ف ظ ( 2 0) خ اثارا خ طغ خ ساردا ظ ب ز ذ ١ث ب ١ث قارر ب صا ب ض١ا صز سبث خ طرغا ا ب فررا ر ع افر ىا ( 1015 p ) ف رزسعرجا ر زس خاثررا دبطغ قارر ب صا ب ض١ا صز سبث خ طرغا خ طرغا را خ طغا در تا د فل افر ىا خ طرغبث ( 251 )ىااغم كىااغهي تأ حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ذ غث ( 1072 50216 ) ر غا حرب ٠زث رارز ر زا د ط ب ررت صز صز سا خدصز سا بث خطرغا خاثارا خطغا ( خطرغ 2000 /غ ذ غث تأ ) غو ( 10258 640139 ب زربم د ط ) ذغ س زا حرم١سا خطغث ( 1011 1011 د مف ) ر ز س ف حرب ٠زا خج س ذ بو رز سعرجا ( 21 ،% 27 ،% 35 ،% 71 )% ظ بو ،ازا ط خاثررا دبطغ يدع ف ( 2 ) . ا ا خ ساردا ظ ب ز ذ ظأ ب و خ طغ ا بفررا رع خسبصا خ١علااا ( 1011 p ) صز سبث خ طرغا خ اثررا دب طغ د مف افر ىا رر ج ب صا ب ض١ا ب ض٠را خ طرغبث خ طرغا را خ طغا در تا ( 251 )ىا اغم كىا اغهي ذ غث ش ١ حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ( 10175 10544 حرب ٠زث يد اا ار رارز ٠ ،) غا ب ررت صز صز سا خدصز سا ر خ طرغبث خ طرغا خ طغا د ط ( 2111 كىا اغهي )ىغم ذغث ش١ ( 10214 110148 ب زربم د ط ) ذغ س زا حرم١سا خطغث ( 1011 1011 د مف ) ر ز س ف حرب ٠زا خج س ذ بو رز سعرجا ( 11 ،% 31 ،% 51 ،% 81 )% ا زا ط خاثررا دبطغ ظ ب و ، يدع ف ( 3 0) خ ١علااا خ طغ خساردا ظ بز درب أ ب١ث بض١ا بض٠نا صزسبث خطرغا خسربسا ا ب فررا ر ع افر ىا قارر ب صا ( 1015 p ) خ طرغا خ اثررا دب طغ قارر ب صا ب ض١ا ب ض٠نا صز سبث تا د مف افر ىا خ طرغا را خ طغا در خطرغبث ( 251 )ىغم كىغهي ش ١ حرب ٠ز يد ا لا ذ غث ( 1045 43017 ر غا حرب ٠زث رارز ر زا ) خ طرغا خ اثارا خ طغا د ط ب ررت صز خ طرغبث ( 2111 )ىاااااااا اغم كىاااااااا اغهي ذ غث تإ ( 1057 44075 زا حرم١ سا خ طغث خ ربم )وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 12 ذغ س ( 1011 1011 ذ غث د مف ) حرب ٠زا خج س ( 32 ،% 38 ،% 45 ،% 61 )% ز س ف رز سعرجا ر p4 خ اثررا دب طغ ظ بو ازا ط رات صزسبث خطرغا يدع ف ( 3 ) . ر ز س خ ربم د ط د ع ب و خ اثررا دب طغا ١ ث رز سعرجا رر جا قارلا خ فزصا خ ١ىا دب صصزس خ ٠ا قر ف رع ( 1011 p ) سب إ ي ص ف ر رارز ر ،دب صصزسبث خ طرغا ار ئفا دب صصزسا خدصزسا رغا حرب٠زث قرفا .خطرغا دات دط ةشلبنا : م ٠رغر ا خ ١با خ ساردا ظ ب ز ذ زجصأ افر ىا رر ج ب صا ب ض٠نا صز سا حرصؤ ا دب طرغبث ( 21110111105110251 )ىغم كىغهي حرب ٠ة ساد ا ا را ب ٠ ١صلاص حد خ ٠ا ( 1015 p ) ر ز س ف ( خ طرغا دط ١عرزسنا 251 )ىاغم كىاغهي زا د ط صزسا خدصزسا رغا حرب٠زث رارزر در تا ب و ،حرم١ سا خ طغ م ب زربم ر ز س ف ب ٠ا ب طبفررا ١عرز سنا صز سا دب طرع ب رلا١ض ر ضوا غر ا ط افر ىا قارر ب صا ب ض٠نا خ ٠ا حرب ٠ة ساد ا ( 1015 p ) ز س ف صز سا م ٠رغر د ط ١عرز سنا ر حرب٠زث رارزر زا افرىا قارر بصا بض٠نا صز سا ا ا ز ا٠ تج سا ب ع٠ا خ طرغا خج س ط ز٠ افر ىا رر ج ب صا ب ض٠نا خ ١ربجا دب١عرز سنا خ ١بط phytoestrogens صز سا ف ب ر ضوا ١ا رب ا ب و افر ىا قارر ب صا ب ض٠نا ] 12 [ . رب ا د ل ] 13 [ ١زط غ ر ع ا ي ١فا ب ص ب خ ١ربجا دب١عرز سنا diphenolics ا خ٠د٠ر١ز سا دب ربث ١ج ش داد١ سى٠لاو ١عرز سنا د ٠دزبث فلافز٠را isoflavones glycosides زا ( عر daidzein, genistein, coumesterol, biochanin a ا ط٠ب ز٠ تإ ،) daidzein ا genistein دب ٠زا افث ز٠د١ سى٠لاىا glycosidase حز غا ٠رزىجا ا خ ٠داا حب ما ف حر عا خ ١ا١جما ب enterodiol enterolactone لاصب ٠ ار ا estradiol 17-ß خ ١ئ٠زغا خغ١ صا ف ا ١ا ب ز١باف ب ز١ربرأ ب زم ط ب ازبث( ا ب سفبززف ، ئ٠زغا ب ةث ) ب ١ع٠بث ب ز١ث بفا ١عرزسنا دلاجمزسث غبجررربث er-α ,er-ß ١ ث ب ار زر خ ١بط غب جررا خ لاث ( 100 - 10000 غب جررا خ لا ر ضوا حر ) ب و رلاجمز سث شا خار ا١ا ١عرزسنا رب ا ] 14 [ خ مجرر ر ١غ حر ب ى ه ت د٠رز سا ر لبا ١ررجب ث steriod hormone serum transport protein ب ر ا رؤ ٠ خثبغز سنا ر صط( د ما ١ى ش ١عرزسلإ – (.)١عرز سنا جمزس estrogen receptor – estogen responsive element ط ر١جازب ث خ ١صا دب ١ع ير ا١ف ) أ ١عرز سلإ ي سرا ج٠ارا ا طب ا ا ١ا ١عرز سنا ز ١ورر ط ارب زطا خ مغ ف خ ١ربجا دب١عرز سنا ز ١ورر دب صصزسا ا مج١ف خطرغا estradiol ١ررجب ث د ١م ر .دا رغ ف يباف ر١غ لبا م خ مفز خ ١با خ ساردا ظ ب ز دءب ع ] 15 [ ب صا خ ١ىا دب صصزسا ىث. خ ١بط خج س ط زر دار عص ب ٠ا ب طبفررا تج سر خ ١ربجا دب١عرز سنا ( 0.001 p ) ف ١عرز سنا ر ز س ف .دبصصزسا هزث خطرغا ارئفا يص م خ ١با خ ساردا ظ ب ز ك فزر ب و adlercreutz زطبع ] 13 [ دب ا١ا ىث. ط خ ٠با خ ١ربجا دب صصزسبث خ طرغا ز س ب ١ف ىر فلافز٠٢ا داد١ سى٠لاو ى شث م فرر ١عرز سنا ر ا ر ت genistein رز سنا ار زلإ ط ز ف٠ estrone ( رلاجمز سث er- ß هر ث اب ث ) ا اربث ض٠ ر ا رز سنا ر غ حربطبث س٠ estradiol .دا رغ ا شز سر فلافز٠٢ا ا ا ب ضبجا رب ا رب ث جرر ا ١ ١ثىا ر ٠رر طب زا ( سغا shbg ) sex hormone binding globulin م ٠ ا ١ا ١عرز سنبث جرر ١ف .ط ر١جازا رلاجمزسث غبجررا ذ جصا ] 16 [ ا ا coumestrol د عر٠ ر ا خ ١باف ر ظ٠ دار عصا ف خ ١بط ز ١وارزث خ٠د١ سى٠لاىا دبفلافز٠٢ا رضوا خ١١عرزسا ( ض ر خرا daidzein genistein biochanin a .) رب ا ب و ] 10 [ ب ضا ن صا ا ب ىا ث خضزا خ١ربجا دب١عرزسنا lignans يب اف ر ذ١ف س ط ازبث ةب ز٠ ر ا ئ١ث ب ىا د ع٠ ،ب ١ع٠بث matairesinol ا ط٠ ز٠ ر ا enterolactone ئ١ث secoisolariciresinol ط٠ب ز٠ ر ا ا enterodiol حرب عا خ ١بافا ار ظ٠ ار ا . خصبا خ١ع١سفا خف١تا ١عرزسلإ ظ ر ] 18,17 [ خ مجض خ ١باف ت ب ىا ا خ ٠رظىا دب١عرد را ١عرز سنا طب زلا adrenal androgens خ ١ع٠بجا خ ١بافا جضثوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 13 يلا خ خ٠د٠رز سا دب ر ط ب ر١صبر م١صر shbg . ب١ع١سف ب١ج١ورر ب ز صز سا ا خ١با خساردا ظ بز درتا بو )قاررا رر ث( افر ىا دب ج ب صا ب ض٠نا ر ز س ف خ ٠ا حرب ٠ة ر ظ٠ ط خ غربا خ ٠اا حرب ٠زا رضوا ١عرزسنا ب صا ب ض١ا صز سا ف افر ىا دب ج ا ا ه ت ز ا٠ ١عرز سرا ر ز س ١عرز سنا ر ب ز١بافث خصبا راا خجس ١صرا يىبث خصصزسا 95 ب ر جوا ىر % ب ار ر خرا در ىا ادصز سا دط ١ط ١ا رب ا ] 10 [ دب صصزسا م ٠رغر ا ا خ ساردا ذ زجصا بض٠نا افر ىا دب ج ب صا خ ١بض١ا خ ١ حرصؤ ا دب طرغبث )قاررا رر ث( ( 2000,1000,500,250 ١ صلاص حد )غو /غ ف حرب ٠ة ساد ا ا را فا ك ٠رغ ط ب ٠ حرب ٠زث رارز ر زا ١عرز سنا ر ز س ف ١ط ب لا ب ى حرصؤ ا خ طرغا بض٠نا دب صصزسا دب ج ب صا خ ١بض١ا خ ١ ه ت حد ط و )قاررا رر ث( افر ىا ه سر زا خ بافا دب ى رةب زا افا خ غ١ز خ باف دب ى ط ١ شزث ب ا ب ١ر بو س ب ز١وارر ط رب زطربث ب م١جضزث ا ر خا .بثب١غ ا رخا دبجور رعث بط خ١ى١بى١ ا بو دب صصزسا ا ا خ١با خساردا ددو ب صا خ ١بض١ا خ ١بض٠نا خ١بض١ا خ١بض٠نا فا ك ٠رغ ط خ طرغا افر ىا دب ج رر ج ( حرصؤ ا دب طرغبث 2000,1000,500,250 حرب ٠ة ساد ا ا را ب ٠ ١صلاص حد )غو /غ ( خ ٠ا 0.05 p ر ز س ف ) سعرجا ر غا حرب ٠زث ب١غ٠رد ر رارز ر زا رز م ب زربم د ط صز سا خدصز سا ءا زا ا ه ت تج س ز ا٠ حرم١ سا خ طغ خ ١بط خج س ط خ ١ربجا دب صصزسا طب زا شز سر زا خ ١ربجا دب١عرز سنا رف صرا سغا رز سعرجا luteal body ١را رما يلاخ luteal phase . م ٠رغر ا خ ١با خ ساردا در تا خ ١بض٠نا خ ١بض١ا خ ١بض٠نا دب صصزسا فا ك ٠رغ ط افر ىا قارر ب صا خ ١بض١ا ا ب فررا ساد ا ا را ب ٠ ١ صلاص حد ( ب ط 0.001 p ر ز س ف ) ب ث خ طرغا ار ئفا ي ص ف رز سعرجا ب صا خ ١ىا دب صصزس ١ط ب ر ضوا ءا زا ا ه ت تج س م عر٠ افر ىا رر ج ت ورا ط قارلا خ ١ىا دب صصزسا د٠ر١ز سا boar pheromone زغ١ صث خ١ئ٠زغا 5 androst-16-en-3-one صب٠ را ر خ١ع١ سفا خ ف١تا ئ٠زغا ةث ع٠ ،رز سعرجا ( ز ١ورزث ت ورا د 81 / غ ا خفب ظا افر ىا دب ج قارا ف ) غو طب زا مغ شر زا خ ١ربجا دب١عرز سنا . رزسعرجا رب ا ب و ] 20,19 [ دب ٠رب١ىا حرد ل ا ز ١فر ط افر ىا قارا ررث خصصزسا رز سعرجا طب زا progesterone ىز٠ ر ا رجا د سو ر ١ى٠ postovulatory كغب ا ف خ ٠رظىا حد غا حر شل ف يرز سىا ( glomerulosa, fasciculate, reticularis ) خ ١ج١جا ب ٠لاصا ف رز سعرجا ىز٠ ب و خ٠رف صرا granulocyte lutein cells ف رف صرا سغا corpous luteum ب حد يلا خ خ ظبثنا د اث postovulatory period ب أ ف رز سعرجا ىز٠ ١ر ا ر ما س٠ ط١ جا دب ج٠رغا ب س ovarian follicles ب رمر خ ١جا رد غا يب زوإ ط ا٠ را ر ا خ بمث ر مر ف ردطب س ا خفبظإ كج شا دب لاط ر ت ا خفب ظإ رلا عط سث .دبا١ا سبإ ف ظ ر ع خ ١با خ ساردا ظ ب ز ( ا ضبفصإ 0.05 p را ز س ف ) دب ج٠رغ ز فا fsh ار ئفا ي ص ف دب ج ب ض٠نا صز سا ىث خ طرغا صز سا )قاررا رر جا( افر ىا ز ا٠ افر ىا قارر بصا بض١ا بض٠نا زسا ر ءا زا ا ه ت تج س خ ١ربجا دب صص زا خ ١ربجا دب١عرز سنا خ ١بط ز١وارر ط دب را خ ١بط ز ١وارر طب زا شز سر ا رؤ ٠ ب رز سعرجا خ٠د٠رز سا خ ٠رغزبث دب ج٠رغ ز فا را طب زا ١ جضر خجب سا خ١طبعرز سنا negative feedback mechanism ا حد غ ب را فا خ ١بص pituitary gland . ر ع خ ١با خ ساردا ظ ب ز در تا ب ١ث ( ا ب فررا 0.05 p را ز س ف ) دب ج٠رغ ز فا fsh ار ئفا ي ص ف ب صا ب ض١ا صز سا ىث خ طرغا صز سا،)قاررا رر جا( افر ىا دب ج ب صا ب ض١ا ب ض٠نا حد افر ىا رر ج حرصؤ ا رغب ث فا ك ٠رغ ط ب ٠ ١ صلاص ( 2000,1000,500.250 غر ا ط ) غو / غ ( ا ب فررا ر ت 0.05 p ز س ف ) ه ت تج س ز ا٠ خ ٠ضرا خ٠د٠رز سا دب را خ١ا ز١وارر ط خ١ربجا دبصصزسا ءازا ا خ ١ربجا دب١عرز سنا زا دب ٠رب١ىا فا دب ج٠رغ ز فا را طب زا ز فر إ عرإ ش ١. خ ١بصا حد غ ب را زر افرىا دبج بصا خ١ىا دبصصزسا ب ط رصؤ ر زا ب ١ع٠بث خ باف دب ى طوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 14 رب ا ذ ر hypothalamus ةر فر زا د م حرر ا دب را gonadotropin releasing hormone gnrh ةر فر زا زفا را خ١بصا حدغ برا فا دبج٠رغ fsh دب ج٠رغا ر مر ز ف٠ را خ١ ع١جا ovarian follicles سبا ف gonads ضرا د٠ر١زسا را طبزا ط ١ر ا را ١عرز سنا lh luteinizing hormone سغا ز ف٠ ر ا رف صرا corpus luteum ر ةار فا ط رزسعرجا p4 با١ا سبإ ط١ج ف ] 21 [ ( لوذا اج 1 جوزتا اسيا تبا اىيزهنا ها امازت تا اضى ) e2 ( miu/ ml وزتا اسجوزبناو ) p4 ( miu/ ml ) تبابزجهن هافحنا ىايزهناو fsh ( miu/ ml ابنا ازائفنا ربا لىاصي اف ) هختاسنبب ةاعزجنا ض لذعنا( )قارولاا & روذبنا( سفزكنا تببن وبخنا نىبثيا 0)سبمنا أطخنا م١بغا groups رزسعرجا p4 prgesterone ١عرزسرا e2 estrogene دبج٠رغ زفا را fsh follicle stimulating حرم١سا خطغ control 1.1100.00 e 4.440000.0000 b 0.320.020 b leaves 250 mg/kg 2.750.800 d 15381.12819.99 b 0.210.001 a 500 mg/kg 27.415.30 c 22888.262246.52 b 0.220.00 a 1000 mg/kg 68.782.08 b 65132.441181.85 a 0.230.00 a 2000 mg/kg 94.484.71 a 229356.44152621.59 a 0.240.00 a حرم١سا خطغ control 1.1100.000 e 4.440000.000 e 0.320.0 b seeds 250 mg/kg 7.2401.190 d 17996.79744.86 d 0.2180.0 a 500 mg/kg 27.4201.76 c 24104.281344.08 c 0.2240.0 a 1000 mg/kg 45.1701.61 b 32199.05703.13 b 0.2340.0 a 2000 mg/kg 63.8300.21 a 44151.031347.01 a 0.2440.0 a ( زس دط خ٠ا قرف رع ا ر١شر ر خثبشزا يرا * p0.05 .م١بغا ١ث ) ( زس دط خ٠ا قرف رع ا ر١شر خفزصا يرا * p0.05 .م١بغا ١ث ) ( لوذاا اج 2 (وزتاا اسجوزبنا تباا اىيزهنا اا اي ماا ام هاا امازت تاا اضى) miu/ml ( جوزتاا اسياو ) miu/ ml ) تبا ابزجهن ها افحنا ىا ايزهناو fsh ( miu/ ml هختا اسنببةعزجنا ضا ابنا ازا ائفنا ربا ا لىا اصي ا اف ) لذعنا( )قارولاا&روذبنا(سفزكنا تببن وبخنا نىبثنا )سبمناأطخنا م١بغا groups رزسعرجا p4 prgesterone ١عرزسرا e2 estrogene زفا را دبج٠رغ fsh follicle stimulating حرم١سا خطغ control 1.1100.000 e 04.440000.0000 e 0.320.00 d leaves 250 mg/kg 5.2060.720 d 15005.80968.14 d 0.320.01 d 500 mg/kg 21.9562.531 c 24236.181639.31 c 0.500.02 c 1000 mg/kg 38.2921.717 b 44698.671778.16 b 0.630.00 b 2000 mg/kg 64.1391.258 a 59207.171276.17 a 1.2390.01 a حرم١سا خطغ control 1.1100.00000 c 4.440000.00000 e 0.3200.02 c seeds 250 mg/kg 1.28800.1270 c 07989.23881.83 d 0.3180.02 c 500 mg/kg 4.85300.6660 c 16206.570177.01 c 0.4830.02 c 1000 mg/kg 36.09610.374 b 22725.842394.53b 0.6990.027 b 2000 mg/kg 138.11613.377 a 45492.281596.19 a 1.0950.152 a ( زس دط خ٠ا قرف رع ا ر١شر ر خثبشزا يرا * p0.05 .م١بغا ١ث ) ا ر١شر خفزصا يرا * ( زس دط خ٠ا قرف رع p0.05 .م١بغا ١ث )وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 15 ( لوذاج 3 جوزتاسيا تباىيزهنا اي مام هامازت تاضى ) e2 ( miu/ ml وزتاسجوزبناو ) p4 ( miu/ ml تببزجهن هفحنا ىيزهناو ) fsh ( miu/ml هختاسنبب ةاعزجنا ضابنا ازائفنا ربا لىصي ف ) ن وبخنا نىبثنا نىبثيا لذعنا( )قارولاا & روذبنا( سفزكنا تبب )سبمنا أطخنا م١بغا groups رزسعرجا p4 prgesterone ١عرزسرا e2 estrogene دبج٠رغ زفا را fsh follicle stimulating حرم١سا خطغ control 1.1100.00 e 4.440000.0000 e 0.320.000 d leaves 250 mg/kg 34.170.45 d 7508.84768.58 d 0.2200.002 b 500 mg/kg 36.880.32 c 18042.77788.52 c 0.2330.0 c 1000 mg/kg 38.970.24 b 26269.101110.79 b 0.21160.0 b 2000 mg/kg 44.751.57 a 32704.311150.06 a 0.2560.000 a حرم١سا خطغ control 1.1100.000 c 4.440000.0000 e 0.3220.020 c seeds 250 mg/kg 1.5440.175 d 13149.96756.11 d 0.2580.000 c 500 mg/kg 3.7860.735 c 17414.59193.57 c 0.6570.011 c 1000 mg/kg 6.9180.279 b 21416.65477.67 b 2.7100.088 b 2000 mg/kg 10.1480.214 a 23435.49143.49 a 3.3820.146 a ( زس دط خ٠ا قرف رع ا ر١شر ر خثبشزا يرا * p0.05 م١بغا ١ث ) ( زس دط خ٠ا قرف رع ا ر١شر خفزصا يرا * p0.05 م١بغا ١ث ) ردبصنا : 1-lewis, a.b.; liu, y.q. ; you, s.a. and zhang, c.l.1985. the anti-inflammatory activity of celery "apium graveolens" drug res., 23 (1): 27-32. 2-atta, a. b.; baeuerle, p.a.; baichwal, v.r. 1998. anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of celery. ethnopha rmacologh. 60 (20): 117-124. 23-3 3-zlatanov, m. and s.a. ivanov. 1995. studies on sterol composition of some glyceride oils from family apiaceae. fett wissenschaft technologie. 10:391-383 4-miksch, m. and w. boland. 1996. airborne methyl jasmonate stimulates the biosynthesis of furanocomarins in the leaves of celery plant (apium graveolens). experientia basel. 52: 739-743. 5-gijbles, m.j.; fischer, f.c.; plumlee, k.h. and holstega, d.m.1982. phthalides in roots of apium graveolens, apium graveolens var. rapaceum, bifora testiculata and petroselinum crispum var tiberosum. fitoterapia., 38 (1): 73- 80 6-ko, w.c.1980. a newly isolated antispasmodic butylidene phthlide. jpn. j. pharmacol., 30 (1): 85-91.13-lei, b.; roncaglia, v.; vigano, r.; cremonini, c.; de. maria, n.; del-buono, m. g.; manenti, f. and villa, e. 2002. phytoestrogens and liver disease. mot. cell end crind., 193 (1-2); 81-4. 7-matsumoto, k,; kohen, s.; oji ma, k.; tezuka, y.; kadote, s. and watanabe. 1998. effects of methylenechloride-soluble fraction of japanese angelica root extract, ligustilide and butylidend phthalide, on pentobarbital sleep in group-housed and socially isolated mice. life sci, 62 (23): 2073-2082. 8-hoppe, h.a.1975. drogen kunde, band i, angiospermen, 8. auflage. walter de gruyter and co., berlin, germany. 56. 9-harborn,j.b.1984.phytochemical methods.aguide to modern techniques of plant analysis.chapman&hall ltd.london.p116-117. 10- dixon , w.j. 1980.efficient analysis of experimental observations . ann .res .pharmacol . toxicol .,20:441-462 11-richard, m.h.; patricia, p.p.; kenneth, f.s. and michael,وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 16 c.h.1999. effect of genistein on steroid hormone production in the pregnant rhesus monkey. the society for experimental biology and medicine. 222:78-84. 12-adlercreutz, h. and mazur, w. 1997. phytoestrogens and wastern diseases. annals of medicine. 29/ 2 (95-120). 13-branham, w. s.; siddiqi, b.s. and bellamy, c.o. 2002. phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens bind to the rat uterine estrogen receptors. j. nutr cancer., 133: 788-791. 14-nagel, s.c.1998. the effective free fraction of estradiol and xenoestrogens human serum measured by whole cell uptake assays: physiology of delivery modifiers estrogenic activity. pro c. soc. exp. biol. med., 217: 300-309. 15-xu, h.l. and feng, y.p.1999. effect of 3-n-butylphthalide on production of vaso active substances by cerebral and aortic endothelial cells. zhongyuo. yao. li. xue. bao. oct., 20 (10): 929-33. 16-bruneton, j. 1995. pharmacognosy. phttochemistry medicinal plants. hatton ck, translator. paris: lavoisier publishers. translation of: pharmacongnios. 17- niwa, t.; nasu, s.; milas, l.; kawabe, s.; raju, u.and newman, r.a.1994. alterations in estradiol metabolism in mcf-7 cells induced treatment with indole-3-carbinol and related compound. steriods.. 59: 523-527. 18-schlatter, j. and w.k. lutz.1990. the carcinogenic potential of ethyl carbamate (urethane): risk asselssment at human dietary exposure levels food chem.. toxicol. 8:205-211. 19-fitzpatrick s. l.; funkhouser, j. m.; sindoni, d. m.; steris, p. e.; deecher, d. c. and frail, d. e. 1999. expression of receptor- b protein rodent ovary. endocrinology 14oi2581- 2591. 20-haynes-johnson, d.; lai, m.t.; campen, c.and palmer, s.1999. diverse effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on follicle-stimulating-hormone stimulate estradiol and progesterone production from rat granulosa cells in serum-containing medium and serum-free medium epidermal growth factor biol report., 61: 147-153. 21-whitehead, s.a. and lacey, m.2000.protein tyrosine kinase activity of the phytoestrogen genistein&lavendustin on progesterone synthesis in cultured ovarian cells .fertil steril., 73: 613-619.وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 17 the effect of crude alcoholic extracted for the seeds and leaves of apium graveolens var dulce. in the level of some female hormones in albino mice. rassmiya h. murad* shalal m.h.al-atabe** *college of science for women,unversity of baghdad. **center of baghdad for cancer research &medical genetic al-mustansria university abstract: the quantitative determination of the estrogen e2, progestron p4 & follicle stimulating hormones fsh in the serums of albino mice used in the experiments & treated by crude alcoholic extracted 95% of the seeds & leaves of apium graveolens was a significant increase in the concentration of estrogen of different kinds of the extracted in comparison with the values of the coefficient of the control group, that is the study recorded a significant increase of the concentration of estrogen; it was the highest in the mice which was administrated by the methanolic extracted 95%, then it was less in the mouse which was administrated by the ethanolic extracted., and it was the least in the mice which were administrated by the crude ethanolic-methanoloic extracted of the seeds of apium graveolens; while the increase of the concentration of estrogen of different crude alcoholic extracted leaves of apium graveolens was the highest than the extracted of the seeds, & it was less concentration in the mice which were administrated by the methanolic extracted 95%, & then it was the least in the mice which were administrated by the crude ethanolic-methanolic extracted leaves of apium graveolens in comparison with the values of the control group. further, the plant extracted created a significant increase of the concentration of progestron p4; the statistics analysis recorded that the concentration of progestron was the highest in the mice which were administrated by the methanolic extracted 95%, then it was less in the mice which were administrated by the ethanolic extracted 95%, and the least in the mice which were administrated by the crude ethanolic-methanolic extracted of the seeds of apium graveolens whereas, a significant increase of the concentration of progrstrone was recorded in the leaves of apium graveolens as follows: it was the highest in the mice which were administrated by the ethanolic extracted 95%, then it was less in the mice which were administrated by the crude methanolic extracted 95%, and it was the least in the mice which were administrated by the crude ethnolic-methanolic extracted in comparison with the coefficient of control group. the study also proved that there was a significant increase of the concentration of the follicle stimulating hormone fsh whose greatest concentration in the mice which was administrated by the crude ethanolic-methanolic for the seeds of apim graveolens, it was less concentration in the mice which was administrated by crude methanolic extracted 95% of the seeds, and it was the least in the mice which was administrated by the methanolic extracted 95% of the leaves of apium graveolens in comparison with the concentrations of the coefficient of the control group. while, the results recorded a significant decrease of the fsh in the mice which was administrated by the crude ethanolic extracted of the seeds & leaves of apium graveolens a highest decrease, it was less concentration in the mice which was administrated by the crude ethanolic-methanolic extracted of the leaves of apium graveolens, in comparison with the concentration in the control group.ووهعهن داذغت حهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 18 راثصنا خاث سناك ف خاياتفناو حناعفنا خاثكرنا ضعت جداز ع يرحتنا aloe vera ةثح كي مذه * حناص ةئاص وصغ * عزاخ هع ءاقن * ىساخ هع حست * ريلأا ذثع سح ىدس * شجا لازسا 20 ، سب٠أ ، 2010 ششا يجل 18 ، يلأا ٠ششر ، 2010 :حصلاخنا سبجظا دبج سبىا سبضزسلأ خ١ربجا خغسلأا خاسص خبمر ذفظ aloe vera سا زسأ رأ سضا murashigue skooge (ms.) ١سولأا ب١ف خاذر خثشغر ذ٠شعأ حما بو naphthalin acetic acid (naa) ١٠بوز٠بسا غ benzyle adenine (ba) زث خف١زا ا ذع ، خفزخ ض١واش 10 شز/غ naa غ 5 شز/غ ba عسضا حدبإ ءاشعإ ذث بث شزسا سبىا ٠ىز خف١ر فا زخأ .خف١زا ز دذزأ از 1 طبر ش زسأ زا سبىا ى فبع ص غ crown طبر سبجظا دبج ا ف عسضا سبجظا دبج صبع يبزسأث طبزا بظخزس ش .خ١ربجا خم٠ذ hplc خ١سب١ما ١با ذش زا خ٠بضا دبجوشا غج ascorbic acid ١بز١ف( c ) salysilic acid nicotinic acid ١بز١ف( b5 سبىا عساض ف خ٠بضا دبجوشا غث حدب٠ص ظئبزا دشظأ .خسبم ) callus culture ض١وشر غث رإ ب١م عسضا سبجظا طبر عساض ف سبجظا دبج طبز ascorbic acid طبر عساض ف ب١م عسضا سبجظا 1.829 ا سبىا عساض ف داص شز/اشغشى٠ب 3.54 ،شز/اشغشى٠ا salysilic acid داص ذمف 3.45 ا شز/اشغشى٠ب 25.487 شى٠ب بضا توشا بأ شز/ اشغ nicotinic acid ب١م عسضا سبجظا طبر ف ض١وشر غث ذمف 19.391 ف ض١وشزا ل شز/ اشغشى٠ب ا سبىا عساض 7.438 .شز/اشغشى٠ب راثصنا خاث ،سناكنا حعارز :ححاتفنا خاهكنا aloe vera حاقت ، hplc .حواثنا خاثكرنا ، ا :حيذقن دسطر خ١با داسا يلاخ خ١ربجا خغسلأا خاسص يبغ ف دبساسذا خ٠بضا دبجوشا طبزأ حدب٠ص ف برلابزسأ خعشخزسا دب١ىبث خسبم خ١جطا دبربجا غث بىا دبجا [1] ب٠أ دبجوشا ز صبزر . خ١ب خ١ع٠بث خ١بف ب ساشمزسأث خسبم خ١جبغا داش١صأزا دار خ١بظا دبجوشبث [2] . خا خ١جطا خ٠بضا دبجوشا دلا١فا ذ ر سبجظا دبج ف a. vera خم ىزر ١سوسذ١ خغ خب خ١ربسأ (oh-) أ طبزأ حدذ ش١غ حسذل خ١جطا دبربج ،شضوا خ١ربسلأا دبجوشا ظف ر رإ 12000 ع اءضع ضر ز لأا ذ دبجوشا ز دبربجا ف حدعا دبجوش ىا عغا خ١جطا [3] خئبا دبربج ذا سبجظا دبج ذ٠ . خ١مجضا liliaceae حذاا خمفا دار دبثبغا طلأا حشا ةبشلأا ذ٠ زسلأا خ٠اذث ف قاشا ف عسضزسأ خ١ئا دب١١جسا [4] ذل ئبل لبس أث سبجظا ض١ز٠ ، ،خ١لس ت١واشر ا صبخ ت١وشر ا سز٠ ا خ١فشش ا يضزخر ذل خدبجز خ٠ذبل قاسلأا برس أث ض١زر )خ١ضخ( خبر حشضا ،خ١ثجأ خ٠دم [5] غب ز١ثبمث سبجظا ض١ز٠ . خ ،قشا ذغا خ١سبس خط١سجا شغا دبجوش ا دبثشى١ حدبا ز١طبخ ضر ب دبجا از ف خ١غا خ٠بضا غ٠لأا اذ٠ذر ١واشضلأا alion barbaloin لاف ض خا دب١بز١فا ئازا b5, b1 c [6] . : معنا قئارطو داونا ذزسأ خ١سب١ل ١ب خصلاص خساسذا ز ف standards :رلأبو 1 . ascorbic acid ١بز١ف( c .) 2 . salysilic acid 3 . nicotinic acid ١بز١ف( b5 .) ضخزس سبجظا دبج طبر سبو ضخزس غ خ١ربجا خم٠ذا عسضا سبجظا دبج طبر .خسبم لاختسأو خاعنا عخ : ااص خساسذا ز ف ر زا سبجظا دبج طبر شزس سبو يبزسأ ١ث خ١ب خثشغر ءاشعأث ١ يظا ر naa ba خاذر فأ بو خفزخ ض١واشزث ١ث naa ض١وشزبث 10 شز/غ ba ض١وشزبث 5 بث شزسا سبىا ١ف شزسا رإ شز/غ دبج ا خ١و * حب١ا سل /ووهعهن داذغت حهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 19 خ١ ذث سذز٠ از ذزأ از عسضا حدبا .خ١با خساسذا ض١وشزا خم٠ش كف [7] ( زخأ 1 فبع ص غ ) دبج طبر طبزا شزسا سبىا و فضخا ببث كس ما ف با سبجظا ض١وشزث ١صلأا يىبث غم 95 ( ساذمث % 15 ) ( حذ 36 زسا ش س ،خبس ) ا م ضخ ذ ضوشا دشطا صبع 1500 خم١لذبث حسد ( حذ 15 ضوشز٠ ى ضخزسا نشر ص خم١لد ) خعسد ذ خبا ف 32 صبع م ، hplc ( ساذمث 0002 يبزسأ ر .خ١ و ) ر فاشوربشىا ظفا صبع ف دب١ا با ءادلأا hplc خ١ ذ٠شعأ أ ذث صبع م ر شوزا خفبسا صلاخزسلأا hplc ٠د غظا ى٠شا 6000 ع v6k universal فشبىا ذخزسأ ، uv-vis ٠د 481 دا ذخزسأ . c18 ( دبثأث 309 150 ) خوشش ضغا assoc. walter company صبع م . hplc ( ساذمث 0002 ) سف ساذما خ١ و خ١سب١ما ١با دب١ا ١ث خ١ا خسبما ءاشعلأ شوزا خفبسا .خ١سب١ما ١با كف ضخزسا ف توشا ض١وشر تس :خ١رلاا خدبا صهختسنا ف ةكرنا سكرت ساقنا لوهحهن ححاسنا جورر جرولان ححاسنا جورر ساقنا لوهحنا سكرت : حشقاناو حئاتنا ( ١ذغبث خ١جا ظئبزا دشظأ 1 2 ) يلأا توشا ض١وشر أ ascorbic acid سبجظا طبر عساض ف 1.829 شز/اشغشى٠ب ا سبىا ف داص 3.905 ر شز/اشغشى٠ب ١شزا ص ا طزا سب١ما بث خسبم توش ascorbic acid ١شر ص غث رإ ( توشا از سب١ما يا 5 ذغث كئبلد ) خ١سب١ما خبسا حسر 30.532 ذغث ١ ف سبجظا طبر عساض ضخزس ف خبسا حسر 5.991 ذغث سبىا ضخزس خبسا حسر 18.791 شا از ض١وشر ةبس ر ف تو خدبا كف سبجظا طبر عساض ضخزس :شوزا خفبسا 30.532 5.991 ppm 100 1.829 ( لوذخ 1 ثكرهن ححاسنا جورر ) ف حثلاثنا خا حدسلأا عراسي فو هقحنا خاثنا جات عراسي )سناكنا( حتاثنا peak area ascorbic acid salysilic acid nicotinic acid ما دبجا طبر 5.991 3.655 40.796 سبىا 18.791 26.260 15.650 ( لوذخ 2 جات عراسي ف حثلاثنا خاثكرنا سكارت ) هقحنا خاثنا )سناكنا( حتاثنا حدسلأا عراسيو سكارتنا رتن/وارغوركاي ascorbic acid salysilic acid nicotinic acid ما دبجا طبر 1.829 3.54 19.391 سبىا 3.905 25.487 7.438 ض١وشر تس هزو ascorbic acid سبىا ف حسر ذغث رإ بسف شوزا خمثبسا خم٠شطبث بسا ضخزسا ف توشا از خ 12.791 ىش 1 .)ـع ،ة ،أ( ( مكش 1 - ساقنا ىحنا )أ ascorbic acid مهحت قفو ىهع راثصنا خاث جات صهختسن hplc. . rt. 5 , peak area 30.532 ( مكش 1 - ب ( ةكري ىحي ascorbic acid مهحت قفو ىهع راثصنا خاث جات صهختسن hplc . rt. 5 , peak area 5.991ووهعهن داذغت حهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 20 ( مكش 1 - )ـخ ةكري ىحي ascorbic acid قفو ىهع راثصنا خاث جات سناك صهختسن مهحت .hplc rt. 5 , peak area 12.791 ١ا طرب غ خغ١زا ز كفزر [1] خ١بىأ خ١مر يبزسأث خ٠بضا دبجوشا طبزأ حدب٠ص ا خغسلأا خاسص از يظا ر رأ ،خ١ربج دبجا طشخزسا قفر خ١ب حبمث توشا غب ب١١ىا ت١وشزا .بىا ascorbic acid 6 c6h8o دبلأا شىسا كزش٠ صوىا monosaccharide-glucose زا ا ذسوأز٠ خ٠ل خ١اضزخأ خ١بف ار ذ٠ dihydroascorbic acid ث ذل ،ءاا خبسا اشصؤ لاب ءاا ف غبا از حذسوأ ى٠ ض١وشر خل ف [8] خما خاسضا فشظ اشظ دلابزأ ذ٠ض٠ ءاا ب١جس خضا غبا از ١ا ك١خزا سبس [9] بأ . بضا توشا salysilic acid ف غث ذمف سبجظا دبج طبر عساض 3.54 شز/اشغشى٠ب ا ذط اذع حش١جو حدب٠ص ض١وشزا داص ١ ف غث رإ بج٠شمر فبأ خ١بص 25.487 توش خبسا حسر ذغث رإ شز/اشغشى٠ب سب١ما 97.057 ١شزا ص 6.8 خم١لد سبجظا دبج طبر ضخزس 3.655 ضخزس سبجظا دبج طبر سبو 26.260 ثبس ر ا غعشر ذل حدب٠ضا ز .خمثبسا خدبا كف خ٠بضا دبجوشا طبزأ أ را خ١١ع حشف سذ ب١لأا ش١ضو ف صبخ ١ع ١ شط١س٠ ف با ش١غ دبجا ف دبجوشا ز طبزأ بردب٠ص ا ؤغا ز٠ هز لأ ى٠ خ١جطا فبأث بأ خ١غ١سا عساضا ك٠ش ا دبظ خ دلابفا با دبئدبجا با داضفا با خ١ع٠بجا [11,10] ذ٠ acid salysilic دبمزش خط١سجا خ١١فا دبجوشا benzoic acid بسبسأ سذ٠ زا furanocoumarins راشزسأ غبا از ذ٠ ، خ١١ضا methylsalysilic acid ف خ٠سش ١زا بظ systemic acquired resistance (sar) عاشلأا ذ دبجا ف [8] ت١وشزا غبا از ب١١ىا c6h4(oh)cooh حسد ١ا ك١خزا shikimic acid ا يز٠ زا chorismic acid ا ص prephenic acid ا يز٠ زا arogenic acid ص phenylalanine يز٠ زا صبخ ٠ضأ ك٠ش (pal) phenyl alanine ammonialyase غث خفبأ ذر ، خ١ربجا خغسلأا عساض ف خ١ربجا ا دبظ از ١ا ك١خزا سبس حدب٠ص ف ب٠سش ٠ر سبس حدب٠ص ا دؤ٠ زا ٠ضلأا phenylalanine ا cinnamic acid coumaric acid دبجوش ب١ط٠ بسذث ذ٠ زا خط١سث خ١١ف salysilic acid اذا ب [12] ىش 2 .)ـع ،ة ،أ( ( مكش 2 - ساقنا ىحنا )أ salysilic acid ىهع راثصنا خاث جات صهختسن مهحت قفو hplc. . rt. 6.8 , peak area 97.057 ( مكش 2 - ب ( ةكري ىحي salysilic acid راثصنا خاث جات صهختسن مهحت قفو ىهع .hplc rt. 6.8 , peak area 3.655 ( مكش 2 - ةكري ىحي )ـخ acid salysilic قفو ىهع راثصنا خاث جات سناك صهختسن مهحت .hplc rt. 6.8 , peak area 26.260 بضا توشا ض١وشر غث nicotinic acid ف سبجظا طبر عساض 19.391 ف شز/اشغشى٠بووهعهن داذغت حهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 21 سبىا 7.438 حسر ذغث رإ شز/اشغشى٠ب سب١ما يا ف توشا از خبسا 47.533 ١شزا ص 5.9 ضخزس ف خم١لد سبجظا طبر عساض 40.796 ضخزس ف سبىا 15.650 كف ض١واشزا ةبس ر خفبس خدبا از ض١وشزا خل غعش٠ ذل .شوزا داش٠بغر سذ ا سبىا ضخزس ف توشا ١ا ءبجا ف شصأ ب بسف ب٠لاخا ف خ١صاس غبا از [14,13] ىش 3 ذع٠ .)ـع ،ة ،أ( nicotinic acid ٠ضإ ذبس خئ١ث دبجا ف co-enzyme nucleotides-nad and nadp أ ذأ ذ٠ خغا دب١بز١ف b ١بز١ف b5 غبا از ب١١ىا ت١وشزا c5h4nco2h غ١ظر ف س١ئس سد ١ر دب١ ف خلبطا خ١ب شطالأا ذ١فش٠بج ١ا ك١خزا اذ٠ذر ،دب٠شىسا س١ئس سد ١عشزا غ٠أ داذ١جا ك١خر خلأا حذسولأا دلابفر ف طبزلأ ياضز atp [9] . ( مكش 3 - ساقنا ىحنا )أ nicotinic acid ىهع راثصنا خاث جات صهختسن مهحت قفو hplc. . rt. 5.9, peak area 47.533 ( مكش 3 - ب ( ةكري ىحي nicotinic acid قفو ىهع راثصنا خاث جات صهختسن مهحت hplc . rt. 5.9 ,peak area 40-796 ( مكش 2 - ةكري ىحي )ـخ acid nicotinic قفو ىهع راثصنا خاث جات سناك صهختسن مهحت .hplc rt. 5.9, peak area 15.650 :رداصنا 1. oomah, b. d. .2003. isolation characterization and assessment of secondary metabolites from plants for use in human. j. plant physio. 2: 81-98. 2. fernandez, m. a., garcia, m. d. and saenz, m. t. .1996. antibacterial activity of the phenolic acid fraction of serophularia frutescens. j. ethnopharmacol ,53: 11-14. 3. lucrecia, l., chaillou, l. and nazareno, a. .2009. method to determine antioxidant activity of polyphenols. j. agric. food chem.. 66: 228-250. 4. chakravarty, h. l. .1976. plant wealth of iraq, a dictionary of economic plants. botany directorate ministry of agriculture and agrarian reform, baghdad, iraq: 1-51 5. serrano, m., valverde, jm., guillen, f., castillo, s., martinez, d. and valero, d. .2006. use of aloe vera gel coating preserves the functional properties of table grapes. j. agric. food chem. 54(11): 3882-3886. 6. surjushe, a, vasani, r, and saple,dg. 2008. aloe vera : a short review. indina j of dermatology. 53(4): 163- 166. 7. swamy, s. m. .2000. cytogenetic and immunopotential effects ofووهعهن داذغت حهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 22 ethanolic extract of nigella sativa seeds. j. ethanopharma. 70(1): 1-7. 8. vanisree, m.; lee c.; lo, s.; nalwadel s.; lin, c. and tasy, h. .2004. studies on the production ofsome important secondary metabolites from medicinal plants by plant tissue culture. j. plant biotech. bull. acad. sin., 45: 1-22. 9. craker, l. e. and giblette, j. .2002. . chinese medicinal herbs: opportunities for domestic production. p. 491-496. in: j. janick and a. whipkey (eds.), trends in new crops and new uses. ashs press, alexandria, va. 10. kovalenko, p.g., antonjuk, v.p. and maluta, s.s. .2002. secondary metabolites production from transformed cells of glycyrrhiza glabra and potentilla alba as producents of radioprotective compounds. 1(1). 21-23. 11. budhiani, o. e. .2006. micropropagasi aloe vera melalui mutiplikasi thnas skolah ilmudan tekndogi hayati (sith). itb. 10: 4-37. 12. becker, w. m.; leinsmith, l. j. and hardin,j. .2003. the world of the cell. 5 th . edition. benjamin cummings publishing company, inc. new york. 200-205. 13. shetty, k. and wahlqvist, m. .2004. a model for the role of the proline linked pentose phosphate pathway in phenolic phytochemical biosynthesis and mechanism of action human health and environmental applications. j. clin. nutre., 13 (1): 1-24. 14 ،١٠ . طبا ك١فر 2003 تطا دبجا . دش١ث . خ١ثشا ساذا .٠ذجا - .بج detection of some active compounds and vitamins increasing in aloe vera callus culture hadeel m. habeeb* ghussun s. salih* liqaa a. jazaa* basma a. jasim* saja h. abidalameer* * college of science for woman / biology dep. abstract: this study was aimed to use plant tissue culture technique to induce callus formation of aloe vera on ms. medium supplied with 10 mg/l naa and 5 mg/l ba that exhibit the best results even with subculturing. as the method of [1] 1g. dru weight of callus induced from a. vera crown and in vivo crown were extracted then injected in hplc using the standards of ascorbic acid (vit. c), salysilic acid and nicotenic acid (vit. b5) to compare with the plant extracts. results showed high potential of increasing some secondary products using the crown callus culture of a. vera as compared with in vivo crown, ascorbic acid was 1.829 μg/l in in vivo crown and increased to 3.905 μg/l crown callus culture . salysilic acid raised from 3.54 μg/l in in vivo crown and reached to 25,487μ g/l and the nicotenic acid was 19.391 mg/l and decreased to 7.438 μg/l.وهعهن داذغب تهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 23 اناشهناب ابزدح حخنا بىذنا زخظياينا ف تهخنا تعاننا تبادخطلاا ىمح زحنا وذنا ثازك ذضخظي هادح تهخنا تعاننا تبادخطلااب وخنرامي تئاشحلاا جاخذهن هع زىس رذح * شجا لازعا 9 ، يلاا ٠ششر ، 2008 ششا يجل 24 ، بجش ، 2011 :تطلاخنا ١١مر ر خثبز يلاخ هر خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشبث ب١ج٠شغر ظخا جزا شزغبا ف با صبغا دبغ شخؤزا خ١عبغا شف سبجزخا ءاشعبث خ٠خا خبا اذ٠ذر با صبغا سطر مز ششؤ دبزبث هر ر ذل حشط١غا دبغث بزسبم خغخا دب٠شو با صبغا ١١ بو خذخزغا دبا١ با ظغزا خ١ثبما ب خبخ داذزغ بو ، طبعذشا ذا يلاا ، طبعذ شا ذا دب٠شو ٠ض١وشر سبجزخا ر را ، خ٠ا خ٠ب 1.5 10 9 / خ٠شو بضا 3 10 9 / خ٠شو ، شجا از ف ذزا زا ب ظغر ا طا بضا ض١وشزا أ ذع ا ف طبعذ شا ذا دب٠شى غ١زا ءاشعا ذث جزا شزغب شف سبجزخا شعا حشط١غا خغ ا خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشا ذزغ بغر جزا شزغب )ذزا خشع ذث ( شخؤزا خ١عبغا خثسا دذز ( خثبز دبلا 14 ، 30 ، 60 ، 90 شطل ١ث قشفا ف يذ ا ظئبزا دشظأ ظخا ذث ب٠ ) ( يلاا ١ا ذث ١ذما زاس بفزا 14 ذا دب٠شو خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشا ذزغ و بغر خثبزا ) لا خ١مث ف غ٠سذر ج لار طبعذ شا خ٠اذث ف خ٠خا خب ١شر سذ يذ٠ ب خثبزا دب شا ذا دب٠شو ب١بشا ذزغ بغر ضظخز ش١غ خ٠خا خ١با خثبغزعلاا ف ج جر ظخا .طبعذ :تحاخفنا ثاهكنا .جاخذهن زحنا وذنا ثازك ،تعاننا تبادخطلاا ،تئاشحلاا اناشهنا ذمنا تي : ىش ش١غز٠ ب١بشا ١ف حب١ حسد يلاخ حششا غع خاد ذع٠ غ ىش ١ث ١فطا ب٠لاخ خاد ذع٠ غا ٠ذ ىش خلبا شمفا ف١ خللاا لاجا [1] ١ف غا با سطبث خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشا promastigote عش ذا سطا ض٠ ساضىا ا ١فطا از ش١٠ ، ءادغا ا خ١ ك١٠ ف١ خللاا لاجا خاد ط ب٠لاخا ز بخاد ب١ ١فطا مج٠ ساذع ذا ربفعفا شىغا حذبغث ١فطا ( lipophosphoglycan ) [2] خ١اشا بجبغ جبظ٠ خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشبث ظخا ذمز خ١غ١غ ١جضر غ ةبظا يب ذجو ف خ خا زغا بطظخ ا ب [3] خثبثر ظع خلبا حششا ةب دؤ٠ بو (شا phlebotomus خ٠اذث ف ب اسد ) ةب ٠ را ظخا دذ ذا يبمزا خب خطجض خ١١رشث حدب خلبا حششا غغا salivary immunosuppressive protein ( sip دلابا جو ر زا ) ١فطا خبم ف با صبغ لاا [4] ت١ظ٠ زا خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشبث ظخا جرش٠ غ٠ش ذ٠ذش ب ١جضزث بغلإا [5] را با ١جضز خغ١ز فطث ظخا حد ىا ظخ خغ١ز طبا كجغ ] 6 7 [ . دبجم عا٠ دب١بشا ءاد حشط١غا ا بو لاف لاا ز ا يبف بم دبغ٠ا ذ با خبف ش١غ با ىر زا حشفازا خ٠دلاا ف بطظخ ، خ١جبع داش١صؤر دار با ببر دلالاع سظ ب٠ا شوزبث ش٠ذغا ،يبفلاا فطا از حذ٠ذع خبم ىر دبىر ب٠ا ١ خبزا دبعلا [8] ب١بشا ضغ ا بو خللاا لاج غا ٠ذ سطبث خ١ئبشلاا ب٠لاخا ز ط خلش ا دؤ٠ [9] . خبا دب١ى١بى١ ا حذ دبعاسد دشور ف اذع ب اسد دؤر ب٠لاخبث خطعازا لاخ ءبفشا خ١اشلاا ب١بشبث ظخا ي لاأ دذ ظخا حشط١غا ا را خ١ئبشلاا ب٠لاخبث خطعازا خبا دب١ى١بى١ث ] 10 11 [ در ب١بشا خف ا ا خض٠ذ دبعاسد ش١شر بىر خ٠ذ١مر ش١غ حشط١ع دب١ى١بى١ ببجرا ا يطا ف١ با صبغا بغر دبظ ا خثطا ١رشجا س [12] ا بو خ١خا ع ىر ا ى٠ خ١با خثبغزعلاا * سزود /طسذ /حب١ا غل داذغث خبع /ا خ١و email:h.z.ali@scbaghdad.edu.iqوهعهن داذغب تهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 24 لاا حذبغا خ١ئبزا t helper 1 ب ب ظز٠ ذ جضر زا( ب٠لاخبث خطعازا خببث غ٠ خ١بضا خثبغزعلاا )ب١بشبث شا ظخا ضا حذبغا خ١ئبزا خ١خا ع خ١ب t helper 2 داذلاا طبزإ خا ب٠لاخا ١شر ب ظز٠ )ب١بشبث شا ظخا ذ شر زا( [13] . : معنا كئازط دانا زحنا وذنا ثازك ني ذضخظنا تعزخ زذمح جاخذهن chicken red blood cells antigen dosage : دب٠شو ض١وشر فا سبجزخا ر شا ذا يلاخ ب ظغر أ ط٠ زا طبعذ سبجزخا شخؤزا خ٠ذغا خ١عبغا شف سبجزخا ر٢بو ،ششبجا ذا صاشزا : جاخذهن زحنا وذنا ثازك ذضخظي زضحح [14] preparation of chicken r.b.c. antigen: شث طبعد يظا ر 8 م غ١ثبعأ ف عاد تع رإ ،ب٠د خظفبث ضبخا ءبل ف خم خم٠شطث غ حششبج تما ذا شف١غا ي خ٠ب خ١عبعص خ١ل al-sever solution ( 14 خجغث ) 1:1 ذجعس ، ضوشا دشطا صبع خبعث شا دب٠شىا centrifuge خشغث 2000 حذ خم١لد/حسد 10 ا غغ ر بذث ،كئبلد شا دب٠شى 3 داش غغفا دبفعفا اساد اذخزعبث phosphate buffer saline ( pbs طس ر حش و ف ) ذث ضوشا دشطا صبغث ت١عشزا كبا ر رإ غف يبث دب٠شىا ذم حش١خلاا خغغا :ب ٠ض١وشر يظا - يلأا ض١وشزا 1.5 10 9 / خ٠شو ا ض١وشزا بض 3 10 9 / خ٠شو تهياعنا جاخذهن زحنا وذنا ثازك ذضخظي جبثح ننايرفناب ] 14 15 formalization of chicken r.b.c[ خجغث ١بسفا اذخزعا ر 3 يا % ذا دب٠شى بزجض فطث ما غغفا ا ذا صاشزا ضف ف باذخزعلا شا ششبجا طض ر رإ ،خفزخا شجا اش يلاخ ١بسفا يث شا دب٠شىا تعاس – ٠لابع formalsalin ( 3 خعسذث عف ه٠شزا غ )% 4 ذث 24 ي يذجزعا خبع formalsaline خعسذث رلاا ١ا إ عف ذ٠ذع شخآث 4 رإ ضوشا دشطا صبغث شا دب٠شىا ذجعس 2000 سد ذغغ ص خم١لد / ح 3 اساذث داش غغفا دبفعفا pbs دب٠شىا تعاس ك packed cells كبا جظ١ حش١خلاا غغا ذث ض١وشزث 0.5 ف طبعذ شا ذا دب٠شو % ي pbs با 0.1 ٠دظا % ذ٠اصا na – azid غ 1 ١ج تسأ د ظ % حذ حساشبث ب 30 خعسذث خم١لد 56 فبم٠لا زا complement . زحنا وذنا ثازك ذضخظب بىذنا زخظياينا عنح جاخذهن animal immunization with chicken red :blood cells antigen ،طبعذ شا ذا دب٠شو ٠ض١وشر سبجزخا ر يلأا ض١وشزا 1.5 10 9 ض١وشزا /خ٠شو بضا 3 10 9 ذم رإ /خ٠شو 5 سور يلأا ض١وشزبث شزغب 5 ض١وشزبث شخا سور بساذم خشغث بضا 100 ( شز١شى٠ب 0.1 جخا ف٠غزا ف ما ر ) intraparetoneal غلاا غأ فطث فا ب بغغر ئبطا [14] . شحلاا اناشهناب ثاناحنا ف حخنا داذحإ تئا infection of golden hamsters with l. donovani: ( خ١غا خ٠دبأ خضا ذذخزعا al – bashir, 1992 ( خلشا ) aa3 غل ف حدعا ) هر بط١شر ر ا ذث ،داذغث خبع / حب١ا ذث ١فطا عبعشزعا شزغبا ف بش٠شزث 30 . ب٠ ش١ر ر 500 ا سطا ئبص ع ( nnn media كغا خى بل ف عص ) خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشبث عا ١مر ر ،خم ف عسضا عف س ش١غ م عسض خعسذث خبا 26 [16] ذث ظبخا ١ا ف ذ ذوؤز ب٠شغ عساضا ذظف عسضا دب١١فطا دذظ ص سزا harvesting ضوشا دشطا صبغث ذجعس 4000 / حسد ذغغ خم١لد 3 ف ما نا يث داش رإ نا يث تعاشا ك حش١خلأا خغغا دب١١فطا ض١وشر جطا 5 10 7 / ١ف [12] م 15 ـث خغ و اشزغب 0.2 جخا ف٠غزا ف كثبغا ض١وشزا intraperitoneal خغا غ بزا ر ذل خغا ظخا ساذأ ١جعأ ذث لأا ٠شش ذث خضبضا خغا شش ذث خ١بضا ذث خثاشا خغا 3 ششأ ) خغ و فؤزر 20 با١ – 15 سبجزخلا با١ 5 ) حشط١غ . زكن تهخنا تعاننا تبادخطلاا صال وذنا ثا جاخذهن زحنا evaluation of cellular immune response شخؤزا خ١عبغا شف سبجزخا ءاشعئث هر ر delayed type of hypersensitivity test خم٠ش تغث [17] ش٠زا غث غ [14] را ، بساذم ذر خشغث دبا١ا ز ذم 50وهعهن داذغب تهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 25 شا ذا دب٠شو اشز١شى٠ب ض١وشزث طبعذ 1 10 8 شغ١ا ذما بث ف /خ٠شو left foot pod ١ا ذما بث با right food pod غغا يث م ذمف pbs ذث 24 خبع صبع خبعث ١ذما زاس هع طب١ل ر ( شز١شى٠با o – 25 micrometer jiangxi china ـث فشا ) vernier قشفا ةبغ ث ثبزلاا بفزا حذش ض٠ زا ١رءاشما ١ هر شخؤزا خ١عبغا شف طبا با ذما بفزا شطل يذ طب١ل يلاخ ذما بفزا شطل يذ ش ذزغبث خغ ا دبفعفا اساذث با با ذما بفزا شطل يذ طب١ل ، سبجزخلاا ساذث شطل يذ ش ا دبفعفا ا .حشط١غا خغ با ش١غ ذما بفزا ضنخ هادح تهخنا تعاننا تبادخطلاا صال اناشهنا تئاشحلاا delayed type of hypersensitivity :against l. donovani ذغا سبجزخا ذزا ] 18 19 [ دبا١ خغخ شخا خغخ خغخ خغ و حشط١ع . 1 تئاشحلاا اناشهنا ذضخظي زضحح . leishmania donovani antigen ظبخا ١ا ف( عسض دب١١فطا دبظ ر ذغغ )عسضا 3 ا دبفعفا اساذث داش ٠لابع ي١فا يث ذم ص دب١١فطا ذجعس phenol-saline ( 0.5 / ي١ف غ 100 ( ب٠بغ بض١وشر بو رإ )٠لابع 25 10 6 ) . / ١ف .2 ذهدنا ضظحخنا ضحف( ذحخنا تعزخ )اناشهنا ذضخظن زخأخنا challenge dosage (delayed type of hypersensitivity against l.donovani) شغ١ا ذما خاس ذم ـث 0.2 ض١وشزا 25 10 6 بأ / ١ف ١ا ذما خاس right footpad ـث ذمف 0.2 ي ف١فخزا phenol-saline ذث 24 ظ١ل خبع اذخزعبث( ١ذما زاس هع vernier قشفا ) خ١با خثبغزعلاا ساذم ض٠ ١رءاشما ١ث ب خ٠خا . ئاظحلإا مهحخنا data analysis : ذخزعبث شجا ظئبز ذ ٠بجزا ١ر سبجزخا ا analysis of variance (anova table) شغطلأا ا قشفا ةبغث حدذزا دبسبم least significant difference ر هزو سبجزخا دبزا t ( t test شا ذا دب٠شو ض١وشر ذ٠ذر ف ) ب١ب بغ١غر أ ذطأ زا طبعذ [20] حئاخننا : ذنا جاخذهن زحنا وذنا ثازك شكزح ذذحح تدخن :عاني ضظحح هعا طعا - ذخزعا 10 م ،شزغبا سور 5 ض١وشزبث 1.5 10 9 شز١ / ءاش خ٠شو ض١وشزبث ذم شخلاا خغخا 3 10 9 خ٠شو ذا صاشزا اسبجزخا شعا ذل شز١ /ءاش ا سبجزخا ششبجا ذث ١زغا ى ذغ ظئبزا ذبو ب٠أ خثسؤث ءاشا دب٠شىبث غ١زا :ر٢بو - أ - :ششبجا ذا صاشزا سبجزخا يلأا ض١وشزا 1.5 10 9 :شز١ / ءاش خ٠شو - دبا١ خغخ حدبا بغعلاا سب١ يذ بو ـ ب٠بغ 1.6 . بضا ض١وشزا 3 10 9 خ٠شو :شز١ / ءاش - دبا١ خغخ حدبا بغعلاا سب١ يذ بو ـ ب٠بغ 5.6 . ة - :ذغا سبجزخا يلأا ض١وشزا 1.5 10 9 :شز١ / ءاش خ٠شو - ب٠بغ ١ذما زاس سر ١ث قشفا يذ بو ـ 0.136 . بضا ض١وشزا 3 10 9 :شز١ / ءاش خ٠شو - ا يذ بو ب٠بغ ١ذما زاس سر ١ث قشف ـ 0.394 . سبجزخا اذخزعبث t ( t test ١زا شظأ ) ( بضا ض١وشزا ا ئبظلاا 3 10 9 خ٠شو أ ب١ب بغ١غر طا )شز١ / ءاش ( يلأا ض١وشزا 1.5 10 9 )شز١ / ءاش ٠شو يلاخ بضا ض١وشزا ذزا ذمف از ( ىش ،شجا 1 ، 2 .) ش ( مك 1 ةداضنا واظخلاا راعي لذعي نب ) شكزخهن زشابنا يذنا صازخنا رابخخلا ( 1.5 10 9 3 10 9 ني زخهههي/ءازح تزك ) .زخظياينا ف جاخذهن زحنا وذنا ثازكوهعهن داذغب تهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 26 ( مكش 2 خحار ورح ف قزفنا لذعي نب ) ( نشكزخهن نيذمنا 1.5 10 9 ، 3 10 9 تزك ) ف جاخذهن زحنا وذنا ثازك ني زخهههي/ءازح .زخظياينا وذنا ثازك هادح تهخنا تعاننا تبادخطلاا صال جاخذهن زحنا delayed type of hypersensitivity against chicken r.b.c : ادبزا خ٠خا خ١با خثبغزعلاا طب١ل ر خ١عبغا شف( ذغا سبجزخا دشظأ )شخؤزا ( خ٠ قشف دع ظئبزا 0.01 p يذ ف ) دبغا ١ث ب ١ذما زاس ١ث قشفا خغخ خغ و ١ث هزو خغخا بج نب ا ع ذل بث خطبخا حشط١غا دبغ خ٠خا خثبغزعلاا يذ ف ب١غ٠سذر ( بو را غثسلاا خغخا 1.10 ، 0.80 ، 0.51 ، 0.35 دبغث خسبم ازا ) سر ١ث قشفا يذ بو را غثسلاا حشط١غا ( ١ذما زاس 0.45 ، 0.40 ، 0.43 ، 0.50 ) ( ىش ،ازا 3 .) ضنخ هادح تهخنا تعاننا تبادخطلاا صال تئاشحلاا اناشهنا delayed type of hypersensitivity against l.donovani : ظع بغر خ٠خا خ١با خثبغزعلاا طب١ل ر شف( ذغا سبجزخا ادبزا خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشا قشف دع ظئبزا دشظأ )شخؤزا خ١عبغا ١ث ب ١ذما زاس ١ث قشفا يذ ف خ٠ خغ و ١ث هزو خغخا دبغا بخا حشط١غا خغخ ( زغث بث خط 0.01 p ذث بو بشضوأ ى خ١ضا دبللاا فزخ ) 14 زغث ا قشفا ذمر را ظخا ب٠ ( 0.001 p بو خ١ضا دبللاا خ١مث ) دبغ ١ذما زاس سر ف قشفا يذ ( غثسلاا خغخا 1.01 ، 0.06 ، 0.60 ، 0.55 ) ازا ١ذما زاس سر ف قشفبث خسبم ( بو را غثسلاا حشط١غا دبغ 0.45 ، 0.40 ، 0.50 ، 0.45 ) سذغر ب ،ازا ( خ١بضا خغخا خغا ف ا إ حسبشلاا 30 ذطا )ظخا ذث ب٠ 3 طا دبا١ 5 ذما شطل بو أ ذغا سبجزخلا خجبع خغ١ز ذما شطل شجوا مف ٠لابع ي١فبث خما ( ىش ،ذزغبث ما 4 .) ( مكش 3 لذعي حض ) خحار ورح نب قزفنا ذن )زحنا وذنا ثازكب ذهدنا رابخخا( نيذمنا ثالا للاخ ةزطظنا تدخنا ثاناحنا عبرلاا تعباخنا ت . ( مكش 4 خحار ورح نب قزفنا لذعي حض ) ذن )تئاشحلاا اناشهناب ذهدنا رابخخا( نيذمنا ثالا للاخ ةزطظنا تدخنا ثاناحنا اخنا .تعبرلاا تعب تشلاننا : خزث خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشبث ظخا شبظ ضخزر شف داذلاا طبزا يبطا ذجىا _ ع خ١با دب١١ثغا ف ش١١غر _ با ١جضزا لاف زا دب٠زغ خل ظى٠ ب از خا زغا ١فطا داذزغ خثبغزعلاا بغر أ/ ا غغا خاد ءاع داشطشا in- vivo أ عسبخ in- vitro ف خ١شا شبظا ز ، ش١جو ذ ا خثبش ا١ا ف ج٠شغزا ا خعاسذا بغلا خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشا ف سذ٠ ب ف اذع خ ا١ا ف ج٠شغزا خم١لذا ف ١فطا دب١ا ف ف سذر زا ز١اشا بغلاا ت١ظ٠ زا ساضىا ] 21 22 [ ذع ذلوهعهن داذغب تهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 27 ، خ٠خا خ١با خ١٢ا ف ا ةزثزر سذ طبعذ شا ذا دب٠شو بغر ذغا سبجزخا ا را يأ ف خ٠خا خب ش١جو ١شر دع ذجصا ف غ٠سذر ج جما ظخا ١جعا ا خثبغزعلاا خثبزا ش١خلاا ١ا ز خ٠خ ( 90 ١فطا ذزغ خجغبث با )ظخا ذث ب٠ يا ف ذغا سبجزخلا ا ض١فر ع ذمف شش ذث ظ عبفخا لار ظخا ١جعا ب٠لاخبث خطعازا خبا ١جضر خغ١ز ظخا غج ذغا سبجزخلا خجبع خغ١زث ض١ر زا ف سذ٠ ب ةسبمز خغ١زا ددب ص دبا١ا سذ يذر داششؤا ز غ١ع ،حشط١غا ١جعلأا ف با ض١فزا شف خب با يخا خب بزجمأ ظخا ١لأا ا را ١فطا ذزغ شا ذا دب٠شو بغر ا دبا١ا ذ طبا با ١جضزا خغخ كفز٠ ب از ١فطا ذزغ ضظخز ش١غ بو بغلاا ف شخا دبعاسد ١إ دسبشا ب غ [23] ا 61 خغ١ز اشظ٠ ساضىبث ب٠ش ١ غبث ذغا سبجزخلا خ١ثبغ٠ا tuberculin test خ١ثبغ٠لإا خغ١زا دشظ ذل ب١بشا ذزغ أ ذث 6 طلاا غ١ثبعأ ا إ ظئبزا ز ذ٠ض ضظخز ش١غ ب ١جضزث جرش ساضىا ظخ د٠ زا ب٠لاخبث خطعازا خ١با خثبغزعلا خعاسد ذوؤ٠ ب از ءبفشا ذث خ١١جطا زب خمثبع [24] خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشبث ظخا ا خطعازا خبا زغ ف ببفخا سذ٠ از ب٠لاخبث ١جضزا specific ش١غ non – specific ا را ١فطا داذزغ بغر ذغا سبجزخلا خ١ثبغ٠ا خغ١ز اشظ٠ شا :خ١ر٢ا داذزغبث - ب١بشا ذزغ leishmanin skin test ( غا بم م ١رشث كزش ppd ) purified protein derivative of tuberculine ب٠شزىث دب٠ضا streptococcus streptokinase and streptodornase حش١خ candida albicans يلاخ طبا با ١جضزا ا إ هر اض ب٠لاخا بش إ ش١ش٠ خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشبث ظخا ذزغ خظظخزا خثبىا suppressor t cell طلاا خ١ئبزا ب٠لاخا ذ بز١ثبل مر زا خ١ ا را شخلاا داشطشا داذزغا بغر خ٠ خثبىا )د( ب٠لاخث جرش با ١جضزا ءبمجا long lived ءبمجث بدع شزغ٠ زا .ذزغا ظخا خ٠اذث ف ا خ١عبغ شف سظ ا بو ذمزا سطا ف خجبع خغ١ز إ بذث يز٠ ٠ ظخا ب١بشبث ظخا شف ا إ دبمزلا ذ ب٠لاخبث خطعازا خبا ١جضر ف تجغا با زا خب سذ immunological tolerance را سبجزخلا خ١ثبغ٠لاا خغ١زا ةبغزوا ا ش١ش٠ ساصالابىا فش٠ ٠زا شا ف ذغا ا خثبغزعلاا ذ خب طبىا إ ءلاؤ ف خ١ب خ٠شظ ذر عاسدا ى٠ ب از داشفلأا ذلؤا ١غا عبعلاا transitory clonal abortion خ١ب عشغ عشزا ظز٠ زا د ب٠لاخ حذزا ش١غ داذزغا ] 25 26 27 [ عا از ي سث ذ١ث بو ] 27 28 [ ١بشا ءاذ حض١ا خغا أ ف شا ب ت١ظ٠ زا ش١جىا ١جضزا خعبغا فئبا خ١ئبزا خ٠بفا خ١خا خثبغزعا t – lymphocyte داشطشا و بغر mitogens .ب١بشا ذزغ رداظنا : 1. ou zhang1, mattie c. wilson1, wei xu1, fong-fu hsu, john turk, f. matthew kuhlmann, yingwei wang, lynn soong, phillip key, stephen m. beverley and kai zhang. 2009. degradation of host sphingomyelin is essential for leishmania virulence. plos pathogens (5) 12: 1-15. 2. marquardt, w. c.; demaree, r. s. and grieve, r. b. 2000. parasitology and vector biology, 2 nd edition, harcourt academic press, u.s.a., pp: 57 – 71. 3. havid, l; sorenser, a. l.; kharazmi, a. and theander, t. g. 1990. functional and phenotypic changes in human lymphocytes after coincubation with leishmania donovani in vitro. infect. immun., 58 (10): 3163–3167. 4. martin, e .winberg; birgitta rasmusson and tommy sundqvist. 2007. leishmania donovani: inhibition of phagosomal maturation is rescued by nitric oxide in macrophages. exp. parasitol. 177(2): 165-170. 5. smelt s.c; cotterell, s. e. j; engwerda, c. r. and kaye, p. m. 2000. b cell – deficient mice are highly resistant to leishmania donovani infection, but developوهعهن داذغب تهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 28 neutrophil–mediated tissue pathology. j. immunol., 164: 3681 – 3688. 6. liu, dong and uzonna, jude e. 2010. the p110{delta} isoform of phosphattidylinositol 3-kinase controls the quality of secondary anti-leishmania immunity by regulation and effector function of memory t cell subsets. j. immunol. 12:1-8. 7. argueta-donohue, jesus; carillo, nuria; valdes-reyes, leonardo; zentella, alejandro; argueta-garcia, magdalena; becker, ingeborg and kobeh, laila-gutierrez. 2008. leishmania mexicana: participation of nf-κb in the differential production of il-12 in dendritic cells and monocytes induced by lipophosphoglycan (lpg). exp. parasitol. 120: 1-9. 8. wagner baetas-da-cruz , roger m. macedo-silva, alessandra santos-silva, andrea henriques-pons, maria f. madeira, suzana corte-real and leny a. cavalcante. 2004. destiny and intracellular survival of leishmania amazonensis in control and dexamethasone-treated glial cultures: protozoa-specific glycoconjugate tagging and tunel staining. j. histochem. cytochem. 52(8): 1047-1055. 9. santos do, coutinho ce, madeira mf, bottino cg, vieira rt, et al. 2008. leishmaniasis treatment–a challenge that remains: a review. parasitol. res. 103:1-10. 10. dennis, v. a.; lujan, r; jr, w. l. c. and hanson, w. l. 1986. leishmania donovani: cellular and humoral immune response after primary and challenge infections in squirrel monkeys, saimiri sciureus. exp. parasitol., 61: 319–334. 11. afrin, f.; ali, n. 1997. adjuvanticity and protective immunity elicited by leishmania donovani antigens encapsulated in positively charged liposomes. infect. immun., 65 (6): 2371 – 2377. 12. maxwell j. silverman; simon k chan; dale p robinson; dennis m dwyer; devki nandan; leonard j foster and neil e reiner. 2008. proteomic analysis of the secretome of leishmania donovani. gen. biol. 9 (2): 35. 13. ronet, catherine; torre, yazmin; revaz-breton, melanie; mastelic, beatris; tacchini-cottier, fabienne; louis, jacques and launois, pascal. 2009. regulatory b cell shape the development of th2 immune response in balb/c mice infected with leishmania major through il-10 production. j. immunol. 184: 886-894. 14 . .سبجغا ذج حداسإ ،ذ١ع 1989 . ش١صؤر خعاسد خثبغزعلاا خ١صشغا دادبا ١صا ش١زغعب خبعس .خ١طخا خ٠خا خ١با خ١و/خ٠شط١جا غا خ٠دلأا ف .قاشا/ داذغث خبع ،شط١جا تطا 15 . ٠ا ،١خ .بجغ ب 1994 خثبطلإا ش١صؤر . خثبغزعلاا خ٠سذا طب١ولابث خ١ج٠شغزا اشئفا خغبا اشئفا ف خ١١جطا خ١با .خ١ع٠بجا خثبغزعلاا دلاذث خغبا ش١غ خ١و ، دب١١فطا ف ش١زغعب خبعس .قاشا/ داذغث خبع ،شط١جا تطا 16. el-hashimi, w.; al – shanawi, f. a. and yanzeel, j. 1997. observation on thermal tolerance of leishmania donovani. iraq.j.biol. sci., 16:31–39 17. ohta, y.; sueki, k. yoneyema, y.; tezuka and yagi, y. 1983. immunodulating activity of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin– α1 in immunosuppressed mice. cancer immunol. immunother, 15: 108–113. 18. guriges, j. s.; bankhurst, a. d. and messner, r. p. 1977. suppression of human t cell mitogenesis by prostaglandings.j. exp. med., 146: 1719–1734. 19 . .ش١ص سذ١ ،ئاشبغا 2001 خعاسد . ا خثبغزعلاا ظخا جزا شزغبا ف خ١بوهعهن داذغب تهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 29 ش١زغعب خبعس .خ١ئبشلاا ب١بشبث ب١ج٠شغر خبع ، ا خ١و ، دب١١فطا ف .قاشا / داذغث 20. kirkwood, betty r. and sterne, jonathan s. c. 2003. essential medical statistics. blackwell science ltd., 1 st edition. usa. pp: 30-31. 21. myler, peter j. and fase, nicolas. 2008. leishmania after the genome. caister academic press. 1 st edition. norfolk, uk. pp: 244-245. 22. donovan, michael j.; maciuba, britta z.; mahan, caitlin e. and mcdowell, mary ann. 2009. leishmania infection inhibits cycloheximide-induced macrophages apoptosis in a strain-dependent manner. exp. paraitol. 123: 58-64. 23. rees, p. h.; kager, p. a.; muriithi, m; wambua, p.p.; shah, s. d. and butterworth, a. e. 1981. tuberculin sensitivity in kala–azar. trans. r. soc trop. med. hyg., 75 (5): 630– 531. 24. may ho, d. k.; koech, d. w. i. and bryceson, a. d. m. 1983. immunosuppression in kenyan visceral leishmaniasis. clin. exp. immunol., 51: 207–214 25. howard, j.g; hale, c and liew, f. y. 1980. immunological regulation of experimental cutaneons leishmaniasis. iii. the significance of specific suppression of cell– mediated immunity. j. exp. med., 152: 594–607. 26. bogdan, c. and rollinghoff, m. 1998. the immune response to leishmania: mechanisms of parasite control and evasion. int. j. parasitol., 28: 121 – 143. 27. dogra, nisha; warburton, corinna and mcmaster, robert. 2007. leishmania major abrogates gamma interferon-induced gene expression in human macrophages from a global perspective. infect. immunol. 75(7): 3506-3515. 28. jacobs, thomas; andrä, jörg; gaworski, iris; graefe, sebastian; mellenthin, katja; krömer, manfred; halter, roman; borlak, jurgen and clos, joachim. 2005. complement c3 is required for the progression of cutaneous lesions and neutrophil attraction in leishmania major infection. med. microbiol. immunol. 194: 143-149.وهعهن داذغب تهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2012 30 evaluation of cellular immune response in golden hamsters experimentally infected with leishmania donovani comparing with cellular immune response against chicken red blood cells. hayder zuhair ali * *dept. of biology/ college of science / university of baghdad. email:h.z.ali@scbaghdad.edu.iq abstract: the evaluation of the immune response in golden hamsters experimentally infected with leishmania donovani was determined in this study, particularly, the cellular immune response. follow up has maintained to determine the delayed type of hypersensitivity using skin test both in infected and control lab animals. chicken red blood cells were used as a parameter to evaluate the immune system; they are dull and have the ability of immunization. two concentrations of chicken r.b.c were examined to determine which gives the higher titration in hamsters and those were 1.5 x 10 9 cell/ml and 3 x 10 9 cell/ml , the second concentration gave the maximum titration where then used in this work. after sensitization with chicken r.b.c for both infected and control groups, delayed type of hypersensitivity has been used against leishmania donovani antigen and 4 days of follow up were adopted and they were (14, 30, 60, 90) day after infection. results showed that skin test against both antigens ( l.donovani and chicken r.b.c) was significantly higher than normal at the first day of follow up ( day 14) then gradual decreasing were noticed till the last day of follow up (90). this can indicate that the infection with l.donovani activated the immune response at the beginning of infection, then leads to cellular immune suppression against both l.donovani antigen and chicken r.b.c., so that this immunosuppression is not specific.ووهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 31 جاوذنا ةجأ ف ررتب ةعلاقنا ىحنا سوراف فعضتو راثكإ وع ذبع ىركنا ذبع لاثي وع ذبع ىركنا ذبع لاثي * ابنأ يربص اوطأ ابنأ يربص اوطأ ** ** *ايوت مج ءاور *ايوت مج ءاور سثا لارا 1 ، نالا ، 2009 هشا يثل 13 ، غاثش ، 2011 : ةـــصلاخنا : ةـــصلاخنا صا ا ح١لاما ا يه٠اف ف١عذناصوا سثا عذ o ىا ا ضهت حتاص نامتأ ي ف ناصولإ ح٠كت حم٠هغ فصت ضاظكا حظأ ف ه٠هذ يلاـ ح١لاما ارفو ىذ را ح٠فا عناىا يه٠افا يرم أ فع غام ه١عذ ح١اىإ حانق ش .ضاظكا حظأت حنام جه١ثو ح٠قاصرللاا ا نه يىا ظأ ف يه٠اف ضاظكا ح يه٠افا نا١ ضاففا إ قأ ا ح١ارر خاه٠هذ جهش نها ا٠لاـ ف حصاصا جه٠هر غت ما عا ح١صـ tcid50/0.1 ml 10 6 . 53 إ tcid50/0.1 ml 10 3 جه٠هرا ك . جهشاا يه٠اف ح١ظه خاه١شاذ قظ يه٠افات ما ط١ثا رف ك ع همو ف م ك ١عا يص ف ة١هرا قاكظا دفشو او ،ح٠ه٠ه ح١ظه خالا زك ا خقا ا١غ ه٠واف كما جقا كت ه٠وافا 14 كت ا٠ 21 ناثرـا اكفرات فعا يه٠افات حما حعا ف ضهرا ا٠ . ناولاا حلا ف اا ة١هرا ا اف هم ، ارام حظها حعا خهظأ فعا ه١غ كرا يه٠افت كرا ناثرـ يه٠اف ف١عذ ح١ غاع إ طئارا م ه١شذ .ضه ح٠ه٠ها خالاا جهط١ا حع خهظاا١ت .ح٠هثرفا خاا١ا ر ظاكا حظأ اظ اكفرات ح١لاما ا ا تاهكنا ا تاهكنا جاوذنا ةجأ، ةعلاقنا ىحنا، سوراف: ةحاتفن جاوذنا ةجأ، ةعلاقنا ىحنا، سوراف: ةحاتفن : ةـــيذقنا : ةـــيذقنا ضاهلإا أ ح١لاما ا ضه ك٠ خاا١ا ة١صذ را ناشرلاا ح٠ها ح٠كا همو قمشا فظا خال ح٠هثا حأرا . الإا اكظ ح١ا ح٠قاصرلا هئاـ ضها ةث٠ ضاففلا حع١ر همو حعرا خاا١ا ح١ظارإ ىر حكفرا خااما ح٠قلأ جكئاىا حفىرا [ ضها ام جهط١ا 1 . ] يه٠اف ف١عذ ناصوإ سثا ام عذ كل صا ا ح١لاما ا o يىا حم٠هغ اناثرات ضاظكا حظأ ف ه٠هذ يلاـ ناصولإ ح٠كت عا ضناـح٠فا عناىا ف حظأت حنام جه١ثو ح٠قاصرللاا ارفو ىذ را غام ه١عذ ح١اىإ حانق ش ضاظكا همو ، يىا يه٠افا يرم أ فع ضهغ يىا يه٠اف خاكعر ه١عذ ح١ظه خاكعر افصت ااكفرا : مـعنا قئارـطو داوـنا : مـعنا قئارـطو داوـنا ف صا ا ح١لاما ا يه٠ا o ح١لاما ا ضهت حتاص يع يىا ٠نارت 24 / 3 / 2000 ( اناأ غاهرذ را 8 - 11 . اهش ) : ع١ا عنىا ا٠لاـ اه١عذ ذ ( عا ح١صـ ا٠لاـ دكفرا نىا ا ف جاا ) ا٠هثرف 10 % *minimum essential medium (mem) همت ع ص حفاظإ غ 10 حظا % ح ح١ى١رلات ئاك ف 75 . ١ يصا ذ كا ٠ هت ةصف ط١ت . ح١انىا زاتلا ءاتإ ىوه : ضاظكا حظأ م [ حم٠هط امثغ حظلأا م هظ 2 دكفرا س١ ] هت ضاظق حظأ 11 - 12 ذ ضهغا امت ا٠ ش ق١ا أ يىا حغات لاأ ط١ثا ه١طذ هـأ ئاا ١ىا جه١غص حرف د ك٠كذ ذ ما اىا ف سص ىش ارذ هظ١ جهشما ا عىر٠ ط١ثا ط ءاشغ طفف٠ اطغظ غظ س١ ط١تلأا ءاشغا ءاشغا قهرف٠ أ ق فلأا إ ٠را٠نىا ذ ش فغ ح١لاما ا يه٠افت ط١ثا م ط١ثا غظ كصلا ٠هش حغات حرفا اى كوأر ا١٠ صف٠ حظاا ف مفأ غظ يلاـ حظلأ نلا خلاا قظ ١عا حا ـا 24 نلاا ام طر٠ لا ما كت حا كرتا كفذ را حظلأا اأ يه٠افا ه١شأذ ١ا ءا ١ا فشىا ىوه / جهطفا قاا جهئاق / ا١ظىرا ا جناو* قاكغت حاظ / هط١ثا ةطا ح١و **ووهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 32 هشاىذ حع١ر حمفا خكرف افا ١ا ر اصا ( نه كت خاه٠افا 4 - 5 ط١ثا رف٠ ا٠أ ) را ءاىظلأا دظ حاو ١مذ فهظ دذ يه٠اف ح١ظها خاه١شأرا ا١ خهظ . ما * ( imperial ) uk ( نا١رـا ذ 6 ( هت ا١١غ ه٠واـ ) 6 - 8 أ ) هش وت 350 حوهشا ا١ يصا ذ. غ . ح١ئاكا خاىر حاا : ا١١غ ه٠واـ ف ما [حم٠هغ دثذأ 3 ا يه٠افت ه٠وافا حا ف ] غ١اع زلاش ضهغا ام خهع ح١لاما دم ش ١١ا١ حع و عذ ه٠وافا ريزانخ (ىلولأا ةعومجملا 4.0 ) فففا يه٠افا نا١ت /tcid50 10 6.53 0.1 ml دم ( ـت ح١اصا حعا 0.4 ا يه٠اف ) نا١ت ح١لاما tcid50/0.1 ml 10 3 ف كمف جهط١ا حع اأ . كما حان جقا ( ناكمت حعا م ه٠واـ دم 0.4 ) جقا ف حاقلإ نىا ا . كما حان : ناولاا حلا ف اا ة١هرا ناثرـا [حم٠هط امثغ صفا هظأ 4 غظ لا .] جهفا ف فعا ح١لاما ا يه٠اف كت ثل ه٠وافا ياصأ دظ ح١طا ح١ثاعا هفا ف فعا يه٠اف ضهرا ،ناولاا حمثط جئاتنا جئاتنا : 1 - ا حظأ ف ط١ثا م ضاك ا يه٠افات ما ط١ثا رف ك ع نا١ ما عا ح١صـ ا٠لاـ ف tcid50/0.1ml ف ق فى قظ ما حمط ف فصذ غ ٠را٠نىاءاشغ ( حل قظ غءاشغا جهصت ىشت odema ) غ ةما فعذ حظلاا ٠هشذ ك ع همو هصفش كغا قظ .حصاما انكظ ف 2 - حظا ف ح١لاما ا يه٠اف جه٠ا ظاكا ذ م ا يه٠اف لاا جه٠هرا حع١ر داو نا١ ما م 10 6 .53tcid50/0.1ml) ) 10 2 هرا غت لا حافا جه٠هرا رنا١ا ام نا١ 10 3 جه٠هرا ر نا١ا ام مت ا ( لن يكعا ف ظ او جهشا 1 ) 3 – ا١١غ ه٠واف ح١ث٠هعرا حتاصلاا طئار ه١غ يه٠افات ا١١غ ه٠واـ م حتهعذ خهظأ كت ما حمط ف خلاص٠ نظ فعا 48 اا، ح١اصا كما جقا ا دمرا حا فعا يه٠افات حما حعا حم٠هطات اف ما غظ ف خالا هظذ ف حم٠هطا نىا ات حما جهط١ا خاا١ اا ، يكظ اع٠ا خالا أ ا١ هظذ ف عفاا ( لن 2 .) 4 – كرا ناثرـا طئار حما حعا فنصت أ نظ ك ع ه١غ يه٠افات ام ك فعا يه٠افات ١ ف فعا ف خلاص٠ا نظ ع كت ما حمط 48 جقا ا دمرا حا يه٠افات حما ه١غ حعا ف ح١اصا كما ( لن يكظ فعا 3 ) 5 - ناولاا حلا ف اا ة١هرا ناثرـا طئار : ه٠وافا يص ف ة١هرا قاكظا فشىا ذ يه٠اف ه٠وافا ضهذ ثل لا يىا فشىا ذ ش ث١هذ ـ أ نظ علا٠ كت ة١هرا قاكظا 14 21 ضهذ ا٠ فعا يه٠اف ه٠وافا : ةــشقانا : ةــشقانا ف١عذ ناصوإ ح١اىإ حانق سثا عذ صا ا ح١لاما ا يه٠اف o يىا [يعا 5 كا حظأ ف ه٠هذ يلاـ ] ظا جهش ه٠هذ يلاـ فات هل ع كل ما يه٠افا نا١ او لا ح١ارر خاه٠هذ 10 6.53 tcid50/0.1 ml ح١صـ ا٠لاـ ف طففا ح١ارر خاه٠هذ زلاش نها عا إ نا١ا 2 0 1 جه٠هر ط١ثا حظأ ف م ك ا ى٠ كل حتاها جه٠هرا ر لأا ةث صلأا ف١عا د١ ظاكا و إ [يه٠اف 6 ] خاه١غذ زك ا قؤ٠ ام ف ظا اصم رشذ ١عا ف ح١ث١وهذ ف خافلارـا قظ همو ١ر٠اا قكر يغ ك٠ارثثاقكر اك لاا ك٠ارثثا قكر عاا غ١ظ ٠ىر هفش٠ ما vp4 [ 8,7 غفذنا ش ] إ 10 3 عافذنلاا ام هرا حافا جه٠هرا ك لن يكظ ف ظ او جهشاا جه٠هرا ر ( 1 إ يه٠اف جنهىرا خاه٠هرا قؤذ لا ) ف١ىرا خاه٠اف بافرا غثطذ هل ح ا٠لاـ عا [9,5] ما يه٠افا قأ كل . فى نظ إ ط١ثا حظأ ف ءاشغ ف ق ىشت ما حمط ف فصذ غ ٠را٠نىا حل غعذ حمطا خهظا همو ءاشغا جهصت ( odema فعذ حظلأا ٠هشذ ك ع او ) حصاما انكظ ف هفذ كغا قظ غ ةماووهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 33 [ساثا ١ ص ا غ كفر٠ ام 2 ] ا١ل ك صا ا ح١لاما ا يه٠اف ه٠هرت c ( ـ ٠را٠نىا ءاشغ ف م ك٠هغ 25 ) يص علا كل ط١ثا حظأ ف ح١ارر جه٠هذ ال همو . نامتلأا ف م ك يه٠اف ف١عذ [ساثا 10 ح١لاما ا يه٠اف ه٠هرت] ا حظأ ف نامتلأا يىا امت هل ظاك مت ح١لاما ا يه٠اف نهرش٠، ك٠نا ف حئا خاه٠اف غ حفصا picorna viridae ظاكا حظا ف اناصوا ى٠ را همو influenza virus cardio virus [15-11] م ك. ك ع ا١١غ ه٠واـ ٠واف ما حمط ف نصت افرا نظ ا١١غ ه ( لن يكظ فعا ه١غ يه٠افات حما 2 ) دفشو كل يه٠افا جاهظ ١مذ يك٠ ام كت ه٠وافا يص ف ة١هرا قاكظأ 14 كت 21 ة١هرا ناثرـات يه٠اف ضهرا ا٠ ح١اـ داو را ناولاا حلا ف اا ٠وافا ضهذ ثل ة١هرا قاكظأ يه٠اف ه ( لن يكعا ف ظ او يىا 3 ) ه١غ كرا يه٠افت كرا ناثرـا اف هم يه٠اف حظها حعا خهظأ فعا حع خهظأ ا١ت ارام فعا ات ٠ ام .ح٠ه٠ها خالاا جهط١ا فعا يه٠افات حما ا١١غ ه٠واـ أ دثصأ ه١غ ح١لاما ا يه٠اف حام هصو ه١عذ اىلإات أ يكر ام فعا ه٠هرت ح١لاما ا يه٠اف خاكعر يه٠اف ات، ظاكا حظأ ف ناصوإ يه٠افا نقال ط١ثا حظا ف ا ح١لاما ا ٠ىرا١١غ ه٠واف اا واعا ى١فذ ه قاكظا ف اا ة١هرا ناثرـا ف حث كرا حهظ حام همو ناولاا حلا . ناعا يه٠اف ( لوذج ( لوذج 1 ىحنا سوراف ررت جئات حضو : ) ىحنا سوراف ررت جئات حضو : ) جاوذنا ةجأ ف ةعلاقنا جاوذنا ةجأ ف ةعلاقنا tcid50/0.1 ml تاررتنا تاررتنا 2 10 10 1 - يلأا ه٠هرا يلأا ه٠هرا 2 10 10 2 - اصا ه٠هرا اصا ه٠هرا 2 10 10 3 - ساصا ه٠هرا ساصا ه٠هرا 2 10 10 4 - را را غتاها ه٠ه غتاها ه٠ه 3 10 10 5 - افا ه٠هرا افا ه٠هرا 3 10 10 6 - يقاا ه٠هرا يقاا ه٠هرا 3 10 10 7 - غتاا ه٠هرا غتاا ه٠هرا 3 10 10 8 - اصا ه٠هرا اصا ه٠هرا 3 10 10 9 - غارا ه٠هرا غارا ه٠هرا 3 10 10 10 10 - هشاا ه٠هرا هشاا ه٠هرا ( لوذج ( لوذج 2 ةبرجتنا ةباصلإا جئات حضو : ) ةبرجتنا ةباصلإا جئات حضو : ) اغ رزاخن اغ رزاخن ح١ظها خالاا أ حم٠هغ ما قك خاا١ا غ١اعا ف خلاص٠ نظ كت ما حمط 48 جقا إ دمرا حا ح١اصا كما جقا حان كما 2 حعا لأا حما ه١غ يه٠افات فعا كظذ لا جقا حان كما 2 حعا ح١اصا حما يه٠افات فعا كظذ لا جقا حان كما 2 حعا حصاصا حع جهط١ا ( لوذج ( لوذج 3 يذحتنا رابتخا جئات حضو : ) يذحتنا رابتخا جئات حضو : ) ح١ظها خالاا أ حم٠هغ ما قك خاا١ا غ١اعا كظذ لا جقا حان كما 2 حعا حما لأا يه٠افات فعا ف خلاص٠ نظ كت ما حمط 48 إ دمرا حا ح١اصا كما جقا ا ه١غ حع حما يه٠افات :رداصنا :رداصنا 1. radostitis. o.m; blood, d.c. and gay, c.g.1997 "veterinary medicine" 8 th ed, london, w.b, sanders company, ltd. pp.913- 920. 2. gillespie, 1955 .foot and mouth disease viruses’ epidemiology, 145,170. 3. richmond. j.y, 1975 production, isolation and partial characterization of three foot and mouth disease temperature sensitive mutant infection and immunity. 11(6):1291-129. 4. preer. j.r, 1956 a quantitative study of technique of double diffusion in agar journal of immunology. 5. escarmis. c, carrilo. e.c, ferrer. m, arriaza. j.f, 1998 rapid selection in modified bhk 21 cells of foot mouth disease virus journal of virology, 72 (12): 107171-9. 6. skinner, h.h, 1953 one week old white mice as test animal in footووهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 34 and mouth disease research. proc of the internal veterinary cent part h.p.208-240 stockholm. 7. parisi. jm, costa giomip, grigerea. p, augedemello. p, bergmann. ie, latorre.jl, scodeller. ea, 1987; biochemical characterization of an aphtho virus typeo1 strain campo attenuated for cattle by serial passages in chicken emberyos. journal of virology, 147(2):61-71. 8. sagedahl a, girando, at, demello, pa, bergmann,ie, latorrejl, scodellerea. 1987 ;biochmical characterization of an aphtho virus type c3 strain resend attenuated for cattle by serial passages in chicken embryos .journal of virology;157(2):366-74 9. neem.m, 1990. cell culture vaccine against hydro pericardium syndrome in poultry pakistan .vet.j.3:15. 10. -lobo cesar, cowan keithm, trautman rods, hanso robert. 1974. defferentiation type. a foot and mouth disease virus subtype by double and radial immuno diffusion ana- lysis .american t.of vet.res., 35. 11. manual of standards diagnostic tests and vaccines, 2000. office international des epzooties. world organization for animal health. 12. al-janabi. methal ak, 2001 isolation and identification of foot and mouth disease virus from cattle and study the infectivity of the virus of different types of cells from human and animals. thesis submitted to the council of the college of veterinary medicine .university of baghdad. 13. sreevalsan, 1970.association of viral ribonucleic acid with cellular membarane sin chick embryo .j.virology. 6(4); 438- 444. 14. brownson. jm, and mahy. bw, 1979. productive influenza virus infection of synchronized chick embryo fibroblast cells .society for general microbiology. douglas gscraba, ann cpalmenbery, 2004 cardioviruses (picorna viridae).encyclopedia of virology, (7 th ed) r.g webester and granoff eds.ووهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 35 replication and attenuation of foot and mouth disease virus in chick embryo mithal abdul kareem al-janabi* antwan sabri al – banna** rawaa jamil toma* * ministry of science and technology/ department of hazardous substances **college of veterinary medicine - university of baghdad. abstract: this study includes replication and attenuation of foot and mouth disease virus type o which isolated from infected calves. many passages for the virus in chick-embryo were established as a substitute method to the tissue culture which is highly caustic in contrast to the chick embryo. the virus passed ten consequent passages which lead to the reduce of the titer of the virus from 10 6.53 tcid50/ 0.1 ml in cattle testis tissue culture to 10 3 tcid50/ 0.1 ml. the pathogenecity of attenuated fmd virus were also studied in both chick-embryo and guinea pigs. using agar gel diffusion test precipitation antibodies was detected in guinea pig serum after 14 and 21 days post exposure to the attenuated virus. the inoculated guinea pig group with the chick-embryo attenuated virus appear resistance to the challenge virus. the result suggested the efficacy of attenuation of foot and mouth disease virus by using chick-embryo system for immunization against this disease on the level of laboratory animal.وىهعهن داذغث خهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 36 خيلاهنا برتكجنا صخشتو لسع myxococcus fulvus خعارسنا لىمسنا ي خضرنا دبرطفنا ىهع بهسشاورو بهبلاخن طجثتنا رثأتنا خساردو قازرنا ذجع ظفبسنا ذجع خنبه * شجلا ملازظا 18 ، بجش ، 2010 سشلا لجق 23 ، للاا يسشر ، 2010 خصلاخنا : لصعل خظازدلا ر ذسعا خخهلالا بخسزتجلا ضيخشر myxococcus fulvus يخه 100 ذخعوع خخثسر خخع ) بخ خلاا خ خو خ خجضر بخ خو لاغخ خشزل خخ خطبا خ خو جسخ خة ذهديزخ خظا بخ خع حدوخ خعولا خخ خعازصلا لخ خللا يخ خه خخربلا دادبولا يه خلبع صكاسر ،خلبع حزاس دبعزد، ففغزلا جسظلا ر ذلوش سالاا خسغولا ا، بخظيشزل خخهشلالا خ خوتلا خخعزصلا خخسظولا دبخطفلل دلاصخعلا ذعخاخ )خخطبا و بظ : خسوولا دبسطفلا بغر دلاصعلا ر شاز بلايل خطجضزلا خلبعفلا زبجزاا يع لاف - trichophyton mentagrophytes, microsporum gypseum,aspergillus niger,fusarium oxyporum يختها خزلا ظئبخزلا ضخيلر يختو خعزصلا خظلا لاخه خليلا سفلبخث زبشزلاا زبكلاا صاسقا : قئاس خصلاضث :رلابك بلع لظلا 1 . لع لظلا نر 20 خلل دخعر بخسوص بوخعغك خخلصع ) m.fulvus نعطلبخث دبطخطلاا خخلر ماديزخظبث .سزتجلا 2 . ىزخظبتلا خعزصلا خظلا دخع – ا خخطلاا دلاصخعلل سخيلا دخشلا خخوزل بخوئلاه تلخظلا حسخويل .ل زصوك 3 . دسةا 8 .تلظلا ظلا ف خسطفلا زبجزالاا دلاصع بغر خطجضر خلبعف لف خله دلاصع ) 4 . ـل حصكسولا شاسلا دصور 3 خخسوولا خخسطفلا دلاصخعلا بخغر خلبع خطجضر خلبعفث خله دلاصع ) لا شاسلبث خزبله . لئبعلا ظلا ف حصكسه سغ ،خيلاهنا برتكجنا:خزبتفنا دبهكنا myxococcus fulvus خيذمنا : بخخسزتجلا ذخخفسع myxococcus fulvus لدخخجك . حدخدع خخئبوك دبخجكسول حزاصخغث ظزخه خثسته نلبخخخعلا لخخخجق يخخخه حسخخخه للا ذوخخخظ roland thaxter مبخخع 1892 خخخبيه تخخكاسزك بفخخط بث خيخعفزولا ةبخشاخا خلع خهب خاش ىال ] 1 [ نخص خخقلاصلاا بخسزتجلا خخعوغه يوخ دعث بوف ذفط خسوضلا fruiting gliding bacteria خلع ادبوزعا يه لك نغ تكسر لتش خسظولا دبفظلا خخخسوضلا مبخخععلاا bodies fruiting دخخشلا swarm لا اخخخثلاا خسخخخيلا بخخخلايلا لا خخخخه myxospores خخ خوتلا دبفخظلا يع لاف ) لخخخ خعبفزلا ضخخخف دخخخرزبتلا خغجخخخط طبخخخزإك خوخشلا عبخولاا خ اسخولا غتلا خغجظل خجخخ خعلا وخخ خشلا داستخخ خعلا دخخ خدع خخخ خلجطل خخخ خفلؤولا خئولا gc ) ] 2 [ زبخشزلاا خعظا خعوغولا ر يخه حسخجك خخعوغه يخع حزبخجع خ خخعجطلا خف خخخخخخخخخخكسث خخخخخخخخخخكسزولا خجلبخخخخخخخخخعلا دبخخخخخخخخخظعلا خخخخ خقلاصا gliding خخخخخفاش ا creeping خخخخف جسع بوث خعزصلا بظلاا لع خجلظلا طعلا ارخ خل خخ خهلا حدبخه طبخ خزبث خثخظه ظخ خعلا ا دخشلبث خخخخخخخخخهلالا بخخخخخخخخسزتجلبث بخخخخخخخخبا عدخخخخخخخخر myxobacteria بخخخلليز حدخخخلعه حبخخخ حزد بخخخل خرزذ غلج بسظه اصبور خخسوضلا مبخععلاا يختزث جسخخ خة دخخ خع خخخ خقاسث خخخ خفلزيه ىالبخخ خث خخخ خسغولا خخعوغولا رخل بخلجلا خخطسف خر خزلا لاخغزلا جسخظلل خخهبلولا خهلالا اثلاا لع ب ازلا خخخخل حسخخخزفل خخخ خظبللا ] 3 .[ خخخقسعلا لخخخلزلا قخخخف ذخر يغخعكلاا صخله جاسلا لا غولل حدخلا s dna 16 ا لاخجزر خخعوغولا رخ ذجخط خلئبع لا myxococcaceae حدخلا خجرسلا لا myxococcales سخفلا خلا لاخجزر خزلا dalta يخه فخخخط proteobacteria غخخخولل لخخخلزلا قخخخف حدخلا ذر هظجاسلا سلا لا 16 يخه مظجاسلا 16s rrna ] 4 [ . لا خخعوغولا رخل سخظولا صبخوزلا يهاصخز بوخظ خلا m. fulvus يخه لاخظا فخطل طبخزا لاخه دادخخخخخخ خبزك لخخخخخخث بخخخخخخضلا غخخخخخخلاا ظراخخخخخخ دبخخخخخ خلجلا دخخخخخ خدلا دلاقبخخخخخ خ دادخخخخخ خلاستولا خسظزعولا خعهبغلا/ملعلا خلك / حبلا ملع نعقوىهعهن داذغث خهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 37 خخخثبضوث خخخلبع خخخطجضر خخخلبعفث ) دبخخظسزتجلا يخخ خه سخخ خوضلا نخخعغلا يخخ ختر خخخلوع بخخ خصا خخخبولا سالاا خسغولا بلاا خوعبه ] 5 [ . جلا ذخظ بخسزت fulvus m. حسخالاا خخلاا خف بخخا لبخخغه خخف يضبخخجلا لخخجق يخخه غلبخخث مبخخوزبث : يزبخ يخه خخثسزلا خسغه - خللاخظ دسخفر خللاا ا خخلبعفلا دبخجكسولا يخه بخفلزيه اددخع طبخزبث حدخا خللاعك ربلزشه لاه ظبظا تكسه طبزا m.fulvus mxf16 ظزر زلا 35 لا يخه بخفلزيه بع ) دبخو لبخخخخعفلا سخخخ خطفلا myxothiazol دخخخخعز علرخخخ خث لا طغلا خلئبعلا صعب طبزلاا ] 6 [ . خخوا بجخعكا رخلا خرغزلا كلظ : خبضلا خبلا حسغخخخط دبخخخظسزفه بخخخها خخخف بخخخزئث فخخخظر خخخف micropredators لخخخ خلر ا لخخخ خزق خخخ خلع برزدخخخ خلل ما خخلا اخظ خخثستولا بخلايلا يخه خعخظا اا دبخخخخعبك ا ،خخخخخزولا scavengers خخخخلع برزدخخخخلل حسخجتلا خخئصغلا ىاشلاا داذ دبجكسولا خئصغر ] 7 [ خخلاا بخغرا بخسزتجلا رخ فخةر ىبختهلابجف خخجطلبك خخلجطزلا دلابخغولا يخه دخدعلا خف خخلبعفلا اخخخظ طبخخخوالال طلاخخخعك خدبخخخظزقلاا خخخخعازصلا لاا دادبخخخخه خخخخخسطفلا ا خخخخخسزتجلا خخخخف ماز خخخخربجلا دبخخخسوولا بخخخغر خخخخعلبجلا خخخخفبتولا خعلبث دبغلبعوك bioremediation ضليزلل دادجولبك خئجلا دبصله يه ] 8 [ . خلا ضيخشر لصخعل جدخر خخظازدلا رخ د بخع fulvus m. سص خ خزلا خخ خفسعه خخ خعازصلا ةسخ خزلا يخ خه ىبخفعلاا يخه ددخع بخغر خخلولا دلاصخعلل خطجضزلا ولا . دبجلا ا ىبعلال اظ خسو معنا كئارطو داىنا : 1 - : دبعنا عخ - ذخعوع 100 خخثسر خخع ) – ددخث حدخالا ىش 150 قوع يه بهاسغ ) 10 - 15 طظ ذر نظ ) حدوخخعولا خخ خفلزيولا خخ خعازصلا قبخخولا يخ خه خخ خثسزلا حسخزفلل دادخغث خخده خف حسشزولا خع حدوظ ث ب بجخخخش لخ يخخخه طبخخخه خخخخ 2009 ذعخخخ خلوعزخعه سخغ خخولعه ىلبخ ضبكخ لااد دبعلا بخخئا دبخ خعلا ذخ خففع سخخجزيولا خ خلا بخ خلل عسخ خغل خفسغلا حزاس خعزدث ذصا نص دا مل خعسعث ] 9 .[ 2 - : خيلاهنا برتكجنا لسع - خخخلسطلا قخخف يزلسخخه لصخخعلا داخخطا ذوخخر شخخبجلا لخخجق يخخه بخخلي زبخخشولا karwowski و ورررخا 1996 ) [10] خخخلسطلا خفبخخإث حزخخولا شخخبجلا لخخجق يخخه بخخلي زبخخشولا shean,2005 ) [11] :رلابك أ - خرثنا وبسخلاا لسع خهزري 1 - خخخعزصلا خخخظلا سخخخ water ager cycloheximide (wcx) دبختولا يخه تلخظلا :خخخخخخخخرلاا 05 . 0 ( مخخخخخخخعغولا دبخخخخخخخزسجك ماسخخخخخخخغ خخخخئبولا mgso4.7h2o ، 0.05 دخخخزلك ماسخخخغ ) ئبخخولا مخخعلبتلا cacl2.6h2o ، 2 . 0 ماسخخغ ) ف ذجذا ، رغولا سولا ظ 1 بخولا يخه سخزل ) خخ خلا عزدخخ خلا نقسخخ خلا لدخخ خع سخخطلولا 2 . 7 ) فا 20 زبخكا ماسخغ ) 1 لخله يخه سخزلله ) خغعفجلا دازلجلا خغجط 14 . 0 خظلا نلع % ) بخولا لخلوث دش حدطولبث دبوخعتلتبعلا د cycloheximide صخخكسزث 50 ،سخخزل/ ماسخخغ خخله خعزصلا ظلا لل wcx خخصلاضث خطيزلا خخلسطث خخسزتجلا خللاخعلا قلبعث )سظلا غسف دببغرا خخظبللا escherichia coli atcc 25922 صخكسزث) اسعلا/صكسولا خخظلا سجزيه 5 . 1 x 10 8 خخخخلطق خبخخخخظث سخخخخزلله /خخخخخلا ) خخخخخولعه خ swabs خللولا خهلالا بسزتجلا دبططلا نعطك ) خفسغلا حزاس خعزدث فغزل بجلاا ذكسر بسزتجلل حدول 5 .قئبقد ) 2 - خخف خخخهلالا بخخسزتجلا دخخع يخخع سخخزلا نخخر خفبخخبث خخخثسزلا دبخخع 10 خخخع لخخك يخخه ماسخخغ) خ خلا خخثاسر 90 نخ خلعولا سخ خطلولا بخ خولا يخه سخ خزلله ) ذخسعا سخطلولا بخولبث خسخشعلا ففبخيزلا خلخعلظ ففيزلا لا 4 - 10 طشبولا شبغث ادع طصه رلا ) حزاسخ خخعزدث ئبخه مبخو خف لا 58 - 60 م ) حدخخول 10 دسخخش ،قئبخخقد ) 1 . 0 خخخئث سخخزلله ) خلع حدخ خلع لخك دبخعلا ففبخ خير يخه داسخطق خخخعزصلا خخخظلا wcx ،نخخخعطلا بخخخسزتجث خخخللولا بجلاا ذ حزاسخ خخعزدث 28 حدخول م ) 5 - 7 بخ بخا لاخث خخثسلبث لاجخشه ع ف م ) حسخزف خخل خخبلا خف نخلعولا سخطلولا بخولا لع .خبلا ة - يرضخنا ذشسنا لسع خهزري حسخخع خبخخظث خخخهبلا خخخسوضلا مبخخععخا ددخخظ خخف ذخخللع خخخولعه خخخدعه 3 بخخولا يخخه سخخزلله ) لل ،نلعولاسطلولا 1 ) ظلا لا قلبعلا يه سزلله تلخخظلا خخعزصلا casitone-yeast extract ager c10 – cy دبخخخخختولا يخخخخخه سخخخخخولا ) :خخخخرلاا 3 . 0 ىزخخخظبك % ) 1 . 0 خخخخ خطلاا % ) حسخ خوا 1 . 0 لدخخع ئبخخولا مخ خعلبتلا دخخزلك % ) دل عزدلا نقسلا 2 . 7 فا ) 5 . 1 % ) وث دش حدخطولبث خظلا نلع زبكا دبخولا لخل يخخخخخخخخخخعبهتبفلا vancomycin صخخخخخخخخخخكسزث 40 دبخخخخخخخخخخخولا لخخخخخخخخخخخله )سزلله/ماسغستبخخخخخخخخخخخه دبوخخخخخ خعتلتبعلا 50 ذخخخخخ خظ)سزل/ماسغ خخخخخ خله حزاسخخ خخخعزدث بخخجخا 28 حدخخول م) 2 - 3 مخخ ) بخخخلايلل خخخخل داسوعزخخخعه خخخلع لخخخظلا لخخخعلاوىهعهن داذغث خهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 38 ذخسعا خخولعه خخدعه حسخع ماديزخظبث خسيلا اخخخ يخخخه دلاخخخل حدخخخع خدخخخشلا داسوعزخخخعولا ج swarm colonies خ خعزصلا خ خظلا خ خلا cy-c10 .بعف خوزلا جسظث 3 - نا برتكجنا صخشت خيلاه : خف دز بخول بخلف ضيشزلا خلوع ذور ] 12 [ بخوك :ل خ - مبخخخععلاا لصخخخعث خخخخطبيلا بخخخجخا ذخخخظف خبخ خظث يخ خلل شخ خلبضلا مخ خلا يخ خه ادخ خزثا خخ خسوضلا رخخلث سخخشزلا سخخغولا سخخجتر 20x 40x .خسوضلا مبععخا ىتر حدبشول ة - دخخخخشلا خخخخخوزث خخخخخطبيلا بخخخخجخا ذخخخخظف حدبخشول يخلل بخضلا مخلا يخه ادزثا سيلا .داسوعزعولبث خطبيلا خعزصلا دبفظلا ـع - يه ددعل خبيولا خسزتجلا دلاصعلا ذعاخ صلبربتلا نصا طبزا ذلوش خوتلا دبطفلا اسخولا خغتلا خغجخط صبخظهدا صدخعكلاا مدخلا بخزلا يخرلاغلا يئاشبختلا بخشلا للر يخخخخر ىدخخخخلا 80 كلازخخخخظا يخخخخظسبزلا ) خولا يعزدخلا دخزسجك شبغ طبزا يلتظلاا حزاس خعزد ف 40 دبخول بزخظبعزبجزاا م ) يخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخعبهببتلا kanamycin 10 /ماسغستبخه يخع لاخف صاسخقلاا خخلسطث )صسق . سشبجولا سغولا ضفلا اسعا 4 - خرطفنا ربجتخلاا دلاسع : خخخخسوه خخخخسطف يزلصخخخع خخخلع لخخخظلا نخخخر خخلل خخللاا دخخعر دبخخربجلازبوضل fusarium oxyporum خخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخلل خخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخخبضلا niger aspergillus خخلتل بخلعلا دبظازدلا داسجزيه يه دغث خعهبع / خعازصلا خلع لخظلا نخر يخ ف دا خخظلا سجزيه يه ىبعلال خسوه خسطف يزلصع خخخخخخخلل خخخخخخخللاا دخخخخخخخعر اسخخخخخخخعلا /صخخخخخخخكسولا trichophyton mentagrophytes خخخخبضلا خخخلل microsporum gypseum ذخخخظيش خعزصلا خسغولا دبطفلا للاا يه دلاصعلا ف دز به تع ] 13 [ خخغجلا قخلاعلا دس نص بيلا لدخعوث خ لختث خخط 4 10 بخلف )سزلله/ خث ف بلا زبشولا خلسطلل ] 14 [ . 5 - بررررتكجنا دلاسرررعن خرررطجثتنا خرررنبعفنا ربرررجتخا :خيلاهنا 1 - : ربررر ر لاا :ارررر رلا خررر رمرط دلاصخخخ خع ذخخخ خعزش زبخخخكا خخخظ خخخلع خخخخهلالا بخخخسزتجلا cy-c10 حزاسخخ خخخعزدث بخخجلاا ذخخ 28 حدخخول م ) 7 - 10 درخاا نخص مخ ) سخطلث صاسخقا 5 سخزوله ) دسثبخخخ خعلا زبخخخ خكا خخخ خظ طخخخ خظ خخخ خلع ذعخخخ خ سخشبلبث خلع زشولا شسزعكد 0.1 يخه سخزلله ) زبخخجزالاا دلاصخخع يخخه خخخلصع لخختل غخخجلا قلبخخعلا حزاسخخخ خخخخعزدث بخخخجلاا ذخخخ،خسطفلا 25 م) حدخخول 2 - 7 مخخ ) . زبخخطقا ةبخخعث ظئبخخزلا دخسخخق خخخئف لاخخه ذخخزق )نخخله خخجضزلا قبخخه حسطخخعلا خخ خثبضوث حخ خطيلا رخ خ دخ خعر خ خو ىدخ خث زبخ خكا صسخ خق لخخخخفا ذخخخخجيزا ذا خخخخخهلالا دلاصخخخخعلل خخخخخلثسغلا خخلث لبخوكلا خخطجضزلا بخزلبعف زبخةا خف دلاصخعلا دازبجزالاا [15] . 2 - ظررسىنا عرري ظررهخناو رفسنبررث ربررشتلاا خررمرط :عرسنا دلاصخعلا خخوزث خلئبخعلا زاصخولا شاز دس خسزتجلا خعخظ خسيه زاد ف خهلالا 50 ) خخ خعزصلا خخ خظلا خخ خلع خخخ خب سخخ خزلله cy-c10 عزدخلا نقسخلا ذ لئبخعلا 7.2 بخلل خجخعث ) 2 خعسخعث حشاص خب ف زادلا ذ %) 200 حزاسخ خ خخ خعزدث خخ خلقد / حزد ) 28 حدخ خول م) 7 دسخخخخطلا شبخخخخغث خخخخعزصلا خخخخظلا رخخخخج مخخخخ ) خعسخخعث صخخكسولا 6000 حدخخول خخخلقد / حزد ) 10 حسخلا بخلايلا لئبظ لع لظلا نر قئبقد ) خئبخشغ دبخشسه للاخا يه شز رلا زصولل سطلث 0.22 زبخشزلاا خخلس ذهديزخظا ىستبخه) سفلبخخث ] 15 [ خخعزصلا خخظلا لاخخه خخليلا ] 16 [ بخخخسزتجلا خخخشاسل خخخخطجضزلا خخخخلبعفلا يخخخع فخخخشتلل خخخ خهلالا m.fulvus ذخخخعزش ذا خخخخبلا بخخ خجلاا ـخخث شسزخخعكد دسثبخخعلا زبخخكا خخظ خخلع 1 . 0 ) خخسطف زبخجزاا خخلصع لختل غجلا قلبعلا يه سزلله ةخلص لخوعل خلفلا تقبضلا لبوعزظا سشلا خلسطث بخخسطق 5 ذخخئله خجلخخظلا بخخظخا خخف سخخزوله ) ـخخث سخخفلا 100 خخعزصلا خخشاسلا يخخه سزلستبخخه ) ا بخسزتجلا دلاصخعل لئبخعلا بخجخا ذخكسر خخهلال ذ نص حدا خعبظ حدول سجزيولا حزاس خعزدث حزاس خعزدث 25 حدول م) 2 - 7 .م ) )نخله خجضزلا قبخه زبخطقا ةبخعث ظئبخزلا دخسق خظ خلع خبلا حسطعلا خئف لاه ذزق cy-c10 ذخخقلا دارخخث سخخزتث بخخلل ىدخخث لئبخخعلا خعلل خخسزتجلا شاسلا ذفا خجخعث خخغزولا دلاص 10 ةارخخولا شسزخخعكد دسثبخخعلا خخظ خخلا % ) حزاس خعزدث 45 حسغخط بق ف م) vials دخعث خخ خظ دخخ خسجر خخ خولعر cy-c10 خخ خشاز ىدخخ خث فخ خطل لخ ختث خفبخ خلاا ذخ خور )حسطخ خظ خخ خئفك سخ خزتث ـخلا ىازدخغلا لع د vial دبخعبلفلا ىختر لاخول ط طشبولبث عه ادع ذعصه ىا دعث خف خظلا ت لخك خللر نخر نخص تلخظزر ز ذكسر خولعه بجخ سطق سطف صسلث قج 9 لبوعزخظا نر سزوله ) خخزف زاصخه يخه عسخغلا ارخل خخولعه خثجا خخف سخخخ خوعث خخخخ خسطفلا دلاصخخخ خعلل 5 - 7 ذخخخ خ مخخخ خ ) حزاسخخ خخخعزدث بخخجخا 25 حدخخول م) 5 - 7 مخخ ) خخخهبلا خخخسطفلا داسوعزخخعولا زبخخطقخ ذجخخع قخخف :خرلاا خلدبعولاوىهعهن داذغث خهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 39 حرطسنا قبجطأ ف دارعتسنارطل لذعي – خهيبعنا قبجطأ ف دارعتسنا رطل لذعي % ظجثتنا خجس ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــ حرطسنا قبجطأ ف دارعتسنا رطل لذعي صخخكسر نخخر لخخفا خخخطجضر خخخلبعف خخلع لخخظلل فخخفغزلا شبخخع خخف خخشاسلا freeze–dryer ذا صكز 10 دخ لا سزتجلا شاسلا يه سزلله ) 5 ) سزلله 5 . 2 صخكسه خشاز لع لظلل سزلله ) سخخخخول صخخخخكسه خخخخشاز حدخخخخا حسخخخخه ذخخخخسعخ ير . لاعا يزلسطلا خشلبناو حئبتنا : خلع لخظلا نر 20 خلل دخعر خخسزتث خخلصع ) m.fulvus لطخ يه 100 لللا يه خثسر خع ) ف بلا زبشولا خلسطلا ذجصا دلف حدوعولا خعازصلا ] 10 [ لصعلا خلوع بغا ف بر بفك، بسر دعث زلا خخخلع ادبخخخوزعا ضيخخخشزلا سخخخظولا فخخخط دارخل يدخئبعلا سخيلا دخشلا خخسوضلا مبععلال لاخعاسولا خف حزكرخولا دبفخظلا خلا ادبزظا لا خولعلا ] 5 ، 13 [ دخق خخثسزلا دبخع فخفغزل ىبخك ذا حزاسخ خعزد ف بصا دا مل بئا خظازدلا سخشعلا فخفيزلا غسخعر نخص خخفسغلا 4 - 10 خلا ) ا خخزاسلا دبعزدلا خخلبعل 58 - 60 مبخولا خف م ) حدخ خول ئبخ خولا 10 لصخخعلا خخ خلوعث دخ خجلا لخ خجق قئبخ خقد ) خخثستولا دبخصلولا يخه ضليزلا ف الا سصلاا خخلقدلا دلاخظلا لاادخث خخهلالا اخثخا بخلث microcysts . خهبله ف خ خهلالا بسزتجلل خعلعفلا خفظلا دسوضزظا بوك زدخخ خلث خخخ خلضوزولا يخخ خه سخخ خاا اخخ خخ لخخ خلر خخ خلع بر خخولا عسخخغل بخخسزتجلا بوخخظ لا خخخسغولا بخخلاا تلخخظلا خخعزصلا خخظلا خخلع wcx خفبخخي دخخعث خللاخعلا يتوزخر ختل حددخه خخوتث رخغولا سخولا خخظبللا خخسزتجلا e.coil atcc 25922 يخه خعف خعزصلا خظلا خلع خولا . زسخه دخعجف 3 ) خبلا دث يه م سخغلا خسوضلا مبععلاا دسة خرلاع ماخلث خخربف خخث لاخلث خخئ خلع خغخب سخزتجلا نعطلل خا للر خلطه بل خلا لتخ خش 1 ) حزخ خط a زسخ خه دخ خعث ) 5 يخ خه مخ خ ) خخللاد قهبخغلا جلا لا لالجلا ىل سغر خبلا دث خعفرسه خسك ددث خسوضلا مبععخا ط لع خخع لاخخلق سخخشزلا سخخغولا ذخخر زبخخكلاا طخخظ ي سخخجتر رخخلث 20x 40x خخخسظه خفخخط خخ خخلل خخخدك ر خخخظيشر m.fulvus حزخخط b ) زسه دعث 4 - 7 نخعغلا راا خبلا دث يه م ) دلاخخخظلا بخخخضجلا لالازخخخظا قلخخخشزلبث سخخخوضلا طزبخخ خيلا خخ خلا خخخ خهلالا اخخ خثخا بلاادخخ خث خخخ خلقدلا حزط c) .) دخخخع تلخخخظلا خخخعزصلا خخخظلا cy-c10 خخخظ ددخث دخلف خخهلالا خخسزتجلا دلاصخعلا خخوزل ئبلزا ىخخ خلث ظخخعلا ا دخخشلا خخخئث خخخهبلا داسوعزخخعولا لبخلرسجلا – خلتخشه خلخطلازه سفخطلاا ا سفخطلاا خخلطه يخع حدخعث دبخبغربث خخكسزه خخبيه خلج خلخظفه داسوعزعه لا بصور تعظ بوه زصلا ق بخخعبزا تجخخعث خخخسزتجلا داسوعزخخعولا خخخلجث بخخظب ملاخخخلا حدبخخخول slime حزخخخط d خفخخخط خخخ ،) لل خدكبر خظيشر خسظه m.fulvus لاخف بخزهبلوث خلا ارخل خخسزتجلا دلاصخعلا دسخفر يخع خخخ خدكبر خخخ خظيشر خفخخ خظك يخخ خعبهتبفلا دبخخ خول ضلا دبقلاصلاا خعوغه داسفا قبث يع بصور خسو ظلا لا دبولا ار خفبي ىا ذا بسزتجلل خللولا خخعزصلا cy-c10 صخخكسزث 40 / ماسغستبخخه ذا خخلر حطيك خولاا يه خعزد لع ىبك )سزلله بخخ خسزتجلا يخخ خه يخخ ختوه ددخخ خع سخخ خجكا ضخخ خللر خخ خلا دا خخسوضلا مبخععلاا خو ذخلفاز زلا خصلولا خعفبولا ل خخخخختولا بخخخخسزتجلا بوخخخخظ لا اخخخخثلأ bacillus ، streptomyces خخعزصلا خخظلا خخف wcx بخخوك دبخخظع بخخك سخخشبجولا سخخغولا ضخخفلا دخخثا .خعوغزه ا حدسفه دببلا خقدزعه خجلبظوىهعهن داذغث خهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 40 b a d c ( مكش 1 :) a – برتكجن حضب رغ يرث ذشسن خستبف خث عمث m. fulvus خسضاو مهست خمطي بهنىز ظسو ىهع برتكجنا ىعطهن wcx ( خبضز ذعث تهصنا 3 .وى ) b – خدضب خميبغخث خور خرث وبسخأ برتكجن m.fulvus ظسو ىهع wcx ( خبضز ذعث تهصنا 5 رجكت حىل وى ) x 111 . -c يرث ىسخ يور برتكجن قستي m.fulvus ( خبضز ذعث خملذنا دلاصىسنا قبثجلا لالاهتسا 7 رجكت حىل جبخ رظي وى ) x 411 . d - نبمترث ىهث جسن يرضخ ذشز – برتكجن رفصا m.fulvus ظسو ىهع cy-c10 ذعث تهصنا ( خبضز 3 . وى ) خخدكبزلا خخوتلا دازبخجزالاا ظئبخز يخه يخجر دخخعر بخخبث خخ خهلالا خخخسزتجلا دلاصخخعلا ضيخ خشزل لل m.fulvus صدخعكلاا زبجزالا خجلبظ بتث دلاصخعلا لاخوع ددخثا دق صلبربتلا زبجزالا خجعه اسخخولا خخغتلا خغجخخط صبخخظهدا خخلع بخخزلثبق لا طخظ خلع دخعث بخشلا لخلر خخهبلا داسوعزخعو زسخ خه 10 ىدخ خلا يخ خرلاغلا يئاشبخ ختلا مخ خ ) يخخ خر 80 لاخخ خوع ذخخ خبك يخخ خ خخ خف يخخ خظسبزلا ) مدخخلا لخخلر خخلع حزدبخخق سخخغ خخخسزتجلا دلاصخخعلا لاصخزاا يعزدخلا دخزسجك شبغ طبزا بزلا خخخعزد خخف خخولا يلتخخظلاا كلازخخظا داسخخزلا حزاسخخخ 40 خخخخظبع دلاصخخخعلا لاخخخوع ذخخخبك م) .يعبهببتلا دبول حدخدع حبخ حزد دجل دببو سوضلا نعغلا لضو خخخخهلالا بخخخسزتجلل m.fulvus لبخخخظرلاا خطخخخظاث يخخ خه خخخ خلبع دبزخخ خعه طبخخ خزا قخخ خل رخخ خلا خخليلا فر دبوصلاا س طزبخا ش ا لبخظرلاا ارخ فبخ خخليل غعجلا بعث لاه بلايلا لاوغر لع ىادخلف دؤخ رخخخ زبخخخشزا مادخخخعا خخخلا بخخخلايلا يخخخث طخخخعزلا ذبخ خف دخ خعف بخ خدسفوث خخ خليلا ىخ ختر بهدخ خع دبخ خوصلاا لدبخجر قخس يخع خليلا لبخظرلاا دخل دبرغولا خطخ خظاث ا خخرسث خخ خعج داذ خخئبوك دازبخشا داسعشلا قس يع ئبصفلا لبظرلاا pili رابزف جسخخخخخ خعر دبخخخخخ خعوغر يخخخخخ ختزل صاسزلبخخخخخ خث بخخخخخ خلايلا خطخظاث خخطثاسزه خلجر خزلا خخلقدلا دلاخظلبث تخخكسر لخخااد بخخوظعه لاخخوغزر خخخهلالا بازدخخع يعلبخخخث ردبخخخشه يخخختو سخخخوضلا نخخخعغلبث جسخخخع طخظ خلع حسخشزه خخربف خخث لاخلث خخئث حدسخغولا ىخل سخغز عخ يخه خهدلزه لاسه ف زبكلاا لا لاادخخخث ىخخختزر رخخخئدع قهبخخخغلا خخخجلا خخخلا لاخخخلج خلل خزبخعتا خخسك بلاا خلقدلا دلاظلا خهلالا اثخبث جسعر ,17] 18 [ . بخسزتث دلاصعشبزور m.fulvus طبخزا خلع بخزلثبلث فخخ خلزيه لخخ خلزل برزدخخ خق خخ خف دبخخ خوصلاا فخخ خلزيه خخهلالا بخسزتجلا دخع حسبخة سخعف رخلا داخولا دبوتث داذ خخعزصولا حدوخعولا ةسخزلا خف حسجك خف حدخع حزخظث ولا لع برزدق حدغلا خزلا خخ خسغولا بخ خلاا يخ خه سخ خاا اخ خا نخ خر بخ خظا خر بخظا خف خولا ا ،خخزولا ما خخلا اخظ خخهلاا عبخولاا ظصخه ا يئاشبختلبك دبرسجلاوىهعهن داذغث خهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 41 يضولبخخخخخخ خك methionine يخخخخخخ خظللا leucine يخخخخخظلصلاا isoleucine ىثزبخخخخخ خك زدبخخخخخ خظوك لاخها يخه بجخع خخلبع صخكاسر لوزر يعسز يخخ خه دخخدعلا خخ خردكا بخخه ارخخ خ مخخعغولا مخخعلبتلا سجلا ] 19 ، 20 ، 21 ، 22 . [ لاخه خلفزه ظئبزلا ر د بع ] 23 [ خزلا زخظازد خف طخغلل خخل دلاصخع خلع لخظلا لخعلا بخاسعا myxococcus لاه خخلا خخخلللا خخخعوغولا خخخوئ حزاسلبخث خخلزلولا ما خخلا اخظ autoclaved e.coli لصخع خف سزتجلا نعطلبث دبططلاا خلزث بخسزتجلل خخللولا خخهلالا بخسزتجلا يخه خفلزيه اا خخخلر لصخخع يخخه يخختور شخخ 38 دخخعر خخخلصع ) لل m.fulvus لطا يه 50 ذخعوع خخثسر خع ) خخخعازش لخخخل يخخخه بخخخع حدوخخخعه خ خ رخخخ دخخخع اسخعا خخبتهلا خلخظ خلثسغ ظهبسث خثبضوث خلسطلا خظلا دخع ذخ خخلزلا لصعلا زلوع wcx زدخظه مبخخخععلاا يخخختر خخخلع صخخخف دبخخخظزقا رخخخغر ار،ضيخشزلا خخلوع لخع بخوه حصخوولا خخسوضلا خخثسزلا خ لاا خخبيولا بخسزتجلا خخئث خلا ثبخشه ه ر به خخسغولا بلاا يه غ لا يه ي خخع داخه يه سفر به يع لاف خزولا خلا . دبزعولا لك دع خللزه زبشخ ] 24 [ خفلزيه اخ خوصخ خلبعف دع لا ىدخخخخخخلا دلاخخخخخخلوك دبخخخخخخوصلاا يخخخخخخه lipases خلا غهالا دلاله nucleases دلاله دبخخخخخخخخخخرسجلا proteases خا لبخخخخخخخخخخلا نصخخخخخخخخخخ lysozyme غخخخعث سخخخطاا سخخخعتزث مخخخلر خخخزلا دادخخخخزجلبك خخخ خليلا زادخخخخغلل خخخخ ختولا دبخخخ خئصغلا جبخخولا خلئبخخعلا خخخعزصلا بخخظخا ف،خستخخعلا سزتجلا نعطلا بلا cyanobacteria بللر دعث خخخخلبعفلا عخخخلر دبخخخدشخ خخخلا خخخخهلالا بخخخسزتجلبث .للزلا زاسوزظ ث دسةا 8 لاصع ) لطا يه خسزتث د 20 خلصع ) لل دعر m.fulvus دلاصخع بخغر خطجضر خلبعف للاا يه زبكلاا صاسقا خلسطث خسطفلا زبجزالاا لدخ خع خ خف خخ خالا خ خجضزلا قبخ خه خخظلاه 1 ) زبخخخةا خخخف خخخخهلالا خخخخسزتجلا دلاصخخخعلا ذخخخبجر حدخخخع يخخخث بخخخه ذخخخاسر دخخخلف خخخخطجضزلا بخخخزلبعف ع خطظزه دلاصعلل خف 3 ، 10 ، 16 ، 7،11 ، 14 ، 4،18 :رلابك جضزلا زبطقا دلادعه ذبك ذا ) 6،6،16،9،12،23،26،32 خخلعا دخخك سخخزوله ) خجضزلا زبطقا دلادعه ذبك دا د لازلا لع 24 ، 20 ، 20،10 ، 7،14 ، 3 ، 4 خخلع سخخزوله ) .لازلا ( لوذرررخ 1 ا دلاسرررعن خرررطجثتنا خرررنبعفنا ) بررررتكجن :اررلا خرمرطث خرضرنا دبرطفنا بدت خيلاهنا )ىهي( رب لاا دلاسعنا خرتكجنا خضرنا خرطفنا دلاسعنا trichophyton mentagrophytes microsporum gypseum aspergillu s niger fusarium oxyporum )ىهي( ظجثتنا كطبي ربطلا 1 ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــ 2 ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 3 32 27 24 28 4 5 6 5 3 5 ــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 6 ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــ 7 12 11 12 11 8 ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 9 ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــ ـــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 11 26 22 21 23 11 7 9 8 7 12 ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 13 ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــ ــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 14 15 14 15 16 15 ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 16 22 21 23 21 17 ـــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـ 18 4 5 5 6 19 ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــ ـ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ 21 ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــ دارركي ثلاث ىلر م مث لا دلاصخعلا ةبيزا نر ظئبزلا رل ادبزظا خخسزتج خصلاضلا 3،10،16 خخطجضزلا بزلبعف زبجزالا لاعا ) خليلا سفلبخث زبشزلاا زلسطث لئبعلا ظلا ف خخخلبعف بخخشاز دسخخةا ذا خخعزصلا خخظلا لاخخه خخخسطفلا زبخخجزالاا دلاصخخع بخخغر خخخةله خخخطجضر خظلا ف بزطعا زلا خلبعفلا علر يه لقا بتل، ر بهدع علذ تلظلا قبه زبطقا دلادعه ذاس يث به جضزلا 17 ، 13 ، 13 لاخزلا خلع سزوله ) دا دك لعا دك 14 ، 10 ، 11 لع سزوله ) خجضزلا خجخعل لدخعه لع ك لازلا 1 . 59 ، 10 . 42،01 . 41 لدخخخخعه خخخخدا لاخخخخزلا خخخ خلع % ) خخ خجضزلا خجخخعلا 5 . 52 ، 56 . 30 ، 04 . 33 % ) زلا لع شاسل خطجضزلا خلبعفلا يعر خغث لا خشاسلا صخكسر نخر دخلف خخبيولا بخسزتجلا دلاصخع ظئبز لع لظلا يتها رئدع يرسه حدا حسه بخخجلاا خخف سخخطفلا خخو لدخخعه غخخفيا ذا لخخفا خخةلولا حدبخصلا للاخا يخه طختعا رخلا خخلهبعولا دخخ خلف خخ خشاسلا عخخ خلزل خخخ خطجضزلا خخخ خلبعفلا خخ خف ذخخ خغلث حدخا حسول صكسولا شاسلبث جضزلا قبه دلادعه خلعا دك 30 ، 25 ، 22 لاخزلا خلع سخزوله ) خدا دخك 23 ، 18 ، 18 لاخزلا خلع سخزوله )وىهعهن داذغث خهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 42 خخخجضزلا خجخخ خعل لدخخخعه خخ خلعا 5 . 95 ، 12 . 77 ، 18 . 63 خدا دخك لاخزلا خلع %) 92 . 86 ، 35 . 55 ، 05 . 42 لاخخزلا خخلع %) ذخخغلث بخخوك ، يرسخول صخكسولا شاسلبث جضر خلطه لعا دلادعه 39،28 ، 25 خخدا دخخك لاخخزلا خخلع سخخزوله ) 34 ، 22،22 دلادخعه ذبك لازلا لع سزوله ) خخجضر خجخخع خخلعا 100 ، 13 . 89 ، 11 . 86 %) خخخخخخخخخخخدا دخخخخخخخخخخخك 100 ، 03 . 70 ، 51 . 76 %) لدع 2 .) ( لوذخ 2 خطجثتنا خنبعفنا ) بدت ترنو حذزاو حرن حس رناو حس ري رغنا خيلاهنا برتكجنا لسع ذاورن لازبعنا د جثتنا ربطلا لذعي ( رفسنبث ربشتلاا تمرطث خضرنا خرطفنا عرسنا ظسىنا عي ظهخناو )ىهي ظ ( )% ظجثتنا خجس دلاسعنا خرتكجنا س رتنا trichophyton mentagrophytes microsporum gypseum aspergillus niger fusarium oxyporum خنسع ىلر 3 س ري رغ رشار 17 ( 1 . 59 ) 14 ( 5 . 52 ) 15 ( 7 . 55 ) 16 ( 6 . 56 ) حذزاو حرن س ري رشار 31 ( 5 . 95 ) 25 ( 5 . 92 ) 23 ( 5 . 93 ) 27 ( 2 . 86 ) ترن س ري رشار 39 ( 111 ) 37 ( 111 ) 35 ( 111 ) 34 ( 111 ) خنسع ىلر 11 س ري رغ رشار 11 ( 16 . 31 ) 13 ( 11 . 42 ) 13 ( 21 . 41 ) 12 ( 41 . 36 ) حذزاو حرن س ري رشار 25 ( 12 . 77 ) 21 ( 22 . 61 ) 18 ( 35 . 55 ) 21 ( 19 . 71 ) تري س ري رشار 28 ( 13 . 89 ) 23 ( 31 . 71 ) 22 ( 12 . 75 ) 25 ( 22 . 76 ) خنسع ىلر 16 س ري رغ رشار 13 ( 13 . 41 ) 11 ( 14 . 33 ) 12 ( 22 . 37 ) 13 ( 11 . 41 ) حذزاو حرن س ري رشار 21 ( 55 . 61 ) 18 ( 19 . 59 ) 21 ( 15 . 42 ) 22 ( 18 . 63 ) ترن س ري رشار 25 ( 11 . 85 ) 23 ( 31 . 77 ) 22 ( 51 . 76 ) 25 ( 11 . 86 ) دارركي ثلاث لذعي ىلر م مث حرطسنا خئف رطل لذعي 111 رتهي دخخ خع خخ خزلا عخخ خلر لاخخ خه رخخ خ ظئبخخ خزلا خخخ خزبله دخخ خل ب خلع قخفرا دخق بخجلغا ىا خلا ىسخالاا ىضبخجلا بخخسزتث دلاصخخع خخشاسل خخخطجضزلا خخخلبعفلا حدبخخش m.fulvus خخشاز خخخلبعفث خخخزبله بخخصكسر دخخل حدبخش تجخظ صخع دخق صخكسزلا لخجق دلاصخعلا عخلر دخخع بخخعوغر خخخطجضولا داخخولا نكاسخخر خخلا خخخلبعفلا فلا خخخهبله ىخختر لخخثبلولبث بخخصكسر خفعخخ سخخط خلا خخغزلبث بخدؤه صخكسولا سخغ خشاسلا ماديزخظبث خعزصلا خظلا لاخه خليلا خخلس دخعر .خو جضر يخخ خع فخخ خشتلل خهديزخخ خعولا قخخ خئاسطلا لخخ خفا دخخ خا خخخا ظئبخخز خخلا دخخلر خخزلا خخخطجضزلا خخخلبعفلا يخخ خث سخخ خشبجولا ضبخخ خوزلا خخ خلا صخخ خع دخخ خق خخخ خظوله ا ظ لاه حدبولا خسزتجلا شاسلا قخعر ىا ول خ خوث وخ خعر لا بخ خا ا سخ خظا حزخ خظث سخ خطفلا خ خو سخطفلا خو ىت ارل خطجضولا داولا خفبضك دع لاطا شاسلا صكسر دادص بهدع اسضك لقا ] 25 [ . خخول خخخطجضولا داخخولا خخخعج لخخ ازلاا ذخخبجر بسزتجلا بغزر زلا دبسطفلا m.fulvus دخكا دخلف ] 26 [ خجضر ىبخث دبخولا خلا صخع دخق سخطفلا خو myxothiazol خخلوع خف لاادخز رخلا ربلزخشه حدخخخخخخعكا لخخخخخخعبفر – لاصخخخخخخزاا redox–reaction دخخعك زلا دخخغلل دخخعر حسخخ زرخخع علرخخث حزسخخه دخخخعكلاا خخخف زرخخخع بخخخه superoxoide radical - o2 بخخخلاا خخخف خخخوكاسر دؤخخخ رخخخلا ) ا ارخ خ ىا دخ خلزع بخ خره خ خلا دبخ خسوولا خ خل دبخ خول خا زرخع بخته دبخسزتلا ةبخعزكا لع حزدللا سئادخلا لخعبفزلا خف زخزلل ادعزخعه بجخع سلزعه لاصزاا – طبزا ف سف علذ لع ترسز بوه حدعكا خخخلبعف ر خ خر ىا لخخوزولا يخ خه دخخعكلاا خ خف زرخ خع زرخ خغلل مبخ خعلا لخ خعفلا يخ خه دبخ خولل خ خلا دبخ خزلا عزدلا دعكسث حسلا .دعكلاا ف ي زبخخ خشا ] 27 [ خخخشاسل خخخخطجضر خخخ خلبعف دخخخع خخخلا بخخخ خسزتث m.fulvus سخخخ خطف بخخخ خغر aspergillus flavus بخع طبخزا لا سزتجلا جضزلا لاعس دق دبخظسزتجلا يخه fulvocin بخل دبخرسث خ بخشغلا خخذبف خف لخلا سادخا للاخا يخه لربق لعف دبخخخلال بلفدخخخر بججخخخعه خخخليلا بخخخشغلا نخخخطر . ل خظبعلا بلايلا ده لبزلبث ردبصنا : 1.coucke,p. 2003.morphology and morphogenesis of myxobacteriaceae. j.appl. bact. 18:506-610. 2.starr,mp.; stolp. h.; truper,hg.; ballows,a. and schlegel,h.1981. the prokaryotes:a hand book on habits,isolation and identification of bacteria. springer – verlag, 2 th ed., berlin,pp587 . 3.stanier , r.y.; inraham, j.l.;wheelis , m.l.and painter ,p.r.1986.the microbial world, printice – hall, 5 th ed . , usa,pp312 .وىهعهن داذغث خهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 43 4.sproer, c.;reichenbach, h. and stachebrandt, e. 1999. the correlation between morphological and phylogenetic classification of myxobacteria . int.j.syst.bacteriol. 49:1255-1262 . 5.nester, e.w.; anderson, d.g.; roberts , c.e.; pearsall, n.n. and nester,m.t.2001. microbiology a human perspective,. mcgraw – hill,3 rd ed,germany,pp711 . 6.gerth,k.; irschik,h.; reichenbach, h.and trowitzsch, w. 1980. myxothiazol, an antibiotic from myxococcus fulvus (myxobacterales ) .i.cultivation , isolation , physico-chemical and biological properties .the j. of anti. .(6) 12:1474 – 1479. 7.reichenbach,h.2000. biology and chemistry of microbial compounds, scientific annual report , 1 st ed., braunschweig,pp1559 . 8.reichenbach, h.2001. myxobacteria ,producers of novel bioactive substances .j.ind. microbiol. biotechnol.27:149-156. 9.atlas , r.m.1995. principles of microbiology, mosby – year book, inc ,1 st ed.,usa, pp336. 10.karwowski , jp.; sunga,gn.; kadam, s. and mcalpine, jb.1996. amethod for the selective isolation of myxococcus directly from soil . j.of ind. microbiol.16:230 – 236. 11.shean,j.m. 2005. isolation and diagnosis of myxobacteria as pure culture.can j microbial 32:1-4. 12.reichenbach,h.and dworkin, m.1992. the myxobacteria. in: the prokaryotes, ,(balows,a., truper, h.g.;dworkin,m.;harder,w.and kh schleifer , k.h.,eds.)springer verlag, 2 nd ed., vol.iv ,new york,pp885. 13.forbes, b.a.; sahm, d.f. and eissfeld,a.s.2002. bailyand scott's diagnostic microbiology, mosby co:baltimore, 1 th ed.,philadelphia, pp753 . 14.national committee for clinical laboratory standards . performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; approved standard,2000. mz-a7, nccls,7 th ed. , pennsylvania,pp119 . 15.rees,t.l.1997. the development of a novel antifungal silage inoculant . ph.d.thesis, cranfield university biotcehnology center,u.k. 16.betina, v.1983. the chemistry and biology of antibiotics in: "pharmaco chemistry library" nauta , w.th. and rekker , r.f.(eds) elsevier scientific pub. co., vol.5 ,amsterdam,pp732 . 17.chao,s.c.;young,d.g.and oberg,c.j. 2000. screening for inhibitory activity of essential oils on selected bacteria , fungi and viruses . j. esseuent . oil.res., 12:639-649. 18.kaiser , d.and welch,r.2004. dynamic of fruiting body morphogenesis. j.bacteriol. 186(4):919-927. 19. mcdonald,j.2000.studies on the genus myxococcus(myxococcales). nature57:737-747. 20. dworkin , m. 2002. recent advance in the social and developmental biology of themyxobacteria. microbiol. rev.. 70(1):90-123. 21.dawid,w.2000.biology and global distribution of myxobacteia in soils . fems microbiol rev.24:403-427 . 22.lawrence,j.s.;dworkin,m. and reichenbach, h.2006. the myxobacteria .in:the prokaryotes, (balows a.; truper , h.g.; dworkin,m.; harder, w.and khschleifer , k.h.,eds.), springer verlag, 5 th ed. vol. v i i , new york,pp711 . 23.white , d.;clutter, d.;bacon,k. and kottel,r.h.2004. coliform bacteria as food organisms in purification of myxobacteria . prod. natl.acad . sci ., (usa) 76(11):2952 – 2956.وىهعهن داذغث خهدي ذهدي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 44 24.burnham, j.c.; collart, s.a. and daft,m.j. 2007. myxococcal predation of the caynobacteria phormidium luridum in aqueous environment. arch. microbiol. 137:220-225. 25.reichenbach, h. and hofle, g. 1993. biologically active secondary metabolites from myxobacteria. biotechnol.adv.11:219-277. 26.thierbach,g.and reichenbach, h.1981. myxothiazol,a new antibiotic interfering with respiration. antimicrob. agents chemother.19(4):504-506. 27.hirsch , h.j. 2008. bacteriocins from myxococcus fulvus (myxobacterales) . arch . microbiol . 120:54 – 59. isolation and identification of the myxobacterium myxococcus fulvus from the farms and study the inhibitory effect of cells and filtrates against pathogenic fungi halah a.h. abdul razzaq* *al-mustansiryah university\ college of science \department of biology abstract: the study was performed to isolate and identify the myxococcus fulvus from the one hundred samples of soils of farms. special growth conditions had been used to support the growth of m.fulvus local isolates and suppressed the growth of other microorganisms like (drying , high temperature , high concentration of antibiotics and specific growth media ) m.fulvus isolates had been subjected to the morphological, cultural , biochemical examination for identification , as well as , study the inhibitory activites of cells and filtrates of localized isolates against some pathogenic fungi include (trichophyton mentagrophytes , microsporum gypseum , aspergillus niger and fusarium oxyporum ) by using three methods :- cup assay , well diffusion and mixed culture , results obtaind could be summarized as follows :- 1. (20) out of (100) soil samples , m.fulvus isolated as fruiting bodies depending on baiting technique by bacterial bait. 2. the media casiton – yeast extract agar was suitable for obtaind the best growth of vegetative swarms as pure culture . 3. (8) local isolates were showed inhibitory effect against all of the tested pathogenic fungi . 4. the concentrated filtrates of (3) local isolates were showed highly inhibitory effect than their unconcentrated filtrates against all of the tested pathogenic fungi .وىهعهن داذغث خهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 45 ضيبحنا ي خفهتخي تس واذختسأث ىحهنا جوزفن خيذنا دبفصنا ضعث سحت خقهعنا ف بفىتثزتنا يلاا داىج رذي ذهي * عثزنا سح جس * ربطخ سح ذحا * وازعنا بهس بهت * * شجا لازعا 2 ، سارا ، 2009 ششا يجل 27 ، بجش ، 2011 :خصلاخنا ا ز ز١فر ف ذخزعأ ( خعاسذ 60 ذ١طا خ٠بغز دبغ سلاص ا ذغل ذا ٠ شث شف) ب١ا فب خ٠دب١زا خم١ خضبضا خ١بضا بزغا ذ١طا ) حشط١غا خغ( خ٠دب١زا خم١ لاا 0.01 % 0.02 ( حذ خثشغزا دشزعا .ازا بفزثشزا % 7 .غ١ثبعا) ا ظئبزا ذ١ث ف ١١ثغا ض١وشر ف ب٠ ببفرسا دشظا بزم١ ا بفزثشزا ف١ا زا س١طا غ خ٠ئا خجغا ذا ةبخ ض١وشر شا ذا ب٠لاخ دذ ف هزو حش٠بغزا/ خ١فا ب٠لاخا خجغ . صطشا ب٠لاخا ا بفزثشزا خفبا ا ا ظئبزا ز يذزغ خ٠ذا دبفظا غث ١غر ر ا طشف خم١ حدب٠ص هزو ، س١طا ف يلاا بفذا خا شجزر زا خ١فا ب٠لاخا خجغ حدب٠ص يلاخ اشفلاا ذ .دبولاا خل س١ط حذ١غا خ١ظا خبا ا از ١١ثغا ض١وشر نا جوزف : خحبتفنا دبهكنا خيذنا دبفصنا, بفىتثزت, ىحه خيذقنا : عبلاا بفزثشر_ي ١لاا غبا أ خ١ربجا خ١فا داا ف دعا خ١ل خ١١لاا غث دذزا طبعلاا از خ١ا١ا خ١ف خفبأو اذخزعلا ١ظر دبوششا ذ٠. خ١ئازغا خ١با ا١ا حءبفو ١غز دبجوشا دذ طبعلاا سذظا بفزثشزا ١رلا١ا ١رش١غا ض غغا خاد [1] خلبط ١لاا ١عب١ [2] . غفخ ٠ ١لاا غبا از ا ذجص ذل زغ ف ش١صأر يلاخ ذا ف شىغا ض١وشر ش١زغىا زغ غفخ ف ١رش١غا ف ي ظا [3] ذوا ب از [4] . غبا از ش١صأر ي سبثلاا خم اشظ خعاسذ شجا از ط ا اشفا ف ١لاا دذ ةبغ يلاخ س١طا ف خ١با راش١صأر دذ ١١ثغا خ١و حش٠بغزا /خ١فا ب٠لاخا غ ذا ةبخ ض١وشر شا ذا دب٠شو دب٠شو عا عأ هر، صطشا ذا ظى٠ ب با ظا عاذا غلاث ا طشف خ٠دبظزللاا دبفظا ب١ثبغ٠ا . نا معنا قئازطو داى : داذغث خبع/ شط١جا تطا خ١و ف شجا شعأ ب١ف ر ش١ خغغفا غمث خطبخا حذا / ( ذخزعا 60 ا ٠ شث شف) خلاع ذ : غ١بغ سلاص ا ذغل ذل شثبف 1 ( ر حشط١غا خغ_ 20 بز٠زغر ر شف) لس يذغا ف بو( خ٠دب١زا خم١ 1 ) 2 ( خبا خغ_ 1 ( ر ) 20 ر شف) خ٠دب١زا خم١ بز٠زغر 0.01 بفزثشر % 3 ( خبا خغ_ 2 ( ر ) 20 ف) ر ش خ٠دب١زا خم١ بز٠زغر 0.02 بفزثشر % حش حسظث كئلاا اشفلاا ذ٠زغ ad.libitum حذ دشزعا زا خثشغزا حذ ي غ١ثبعا خجع ( لوذج 1 ىت تنا خدبتعلاا خقهعنا دبىكي ) دباىحهن بهتذغت دبىا %ئدبجا %ئبا ءاشفط حسر 45 45 ط خ 19 24 ب٠ظا يف خجغو 25 20 ١رشث ضوش 10 10 ظو 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 ىا ١رشجا 23.415 18.88 خضا خلبطا 3174kcal 3169kcal خىيذنا زبعنا blood parameters غثاشا بضا غ١ثبعلاا خ٠ب ف ذا طرب ذع ا تغا خم٠شطث غثبغا طدبغا تما ششبج * .ص، داذغث ، ب١عىزا ا حساص 765 . شط١جا تطا خ١و ضوش **وىهعهن داذغث خهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 46 خ٠ب سبجزخا ت١ثبا ف بغا ذ٠سا عشغشضخزا غب خ١بخ شخا شضخزا غب خ٠١١ىا صفا ءاشعا ظا ظف 1 زحنا بلاخ دذع ةبسح_ red blood cells count ف حسوزا خم٠شطا تغث [5] اذخزعبث ف١فخزا ي natt and herrick solution ذبث خطبخا خ٠ششا اذخزعبث heamocytometer ف ب٠لاخا ذجغ ص شا ذا ب٠لاخث خطبخا ظخا دبثشا : خ١ر٢ا خدبا ذمج خثغا ب٠لاخا دذ ف١فخزا ب كا ب شا ب٠لاخادذ خثغا دبثشا دذ 2 - وذنا ةبضخ زكزت سبق ( g/dl ) hemoglobin concentrsyion ا ذا ةبخ ٠ر خم٠شطا ذزر cyanomethemoglobin خفبأث هر 0.02 ا ذا 5 ي drabkin”s ص كئبلد شش حذ ضوشا دشطا صبع ف ب ذث، ع ي خغ١زا أشمر هر 540 ئا فب١طا صبع خطعاث [5] ذمج ص :خ١ر٢ا خدبا عب١ما ةبخا ض١وشر طرا حءاشل ذا ةبخ ض١وشر ف١فخزا ب 1000 عب١ما ةبخا حءاشل 3 صىصزنا بلاخنا ىجح_ packed cell volume ذا تع را دشورب١شى٠با خم٠ش ذزعا ١طبث ب١فش ذا كغ خ٠شش ت١ثبا خطعاث صبخ ف ذ بططلاا ضوشا دشطا (microhematocrit centrifuge) ظخ حذ ( كئبلد 2000 خطعاث ظئبزا دأشل ص)خم١لد/ حسد صبغبث خطبخا حشطغا [5] . 4 ضجنا وذنا بلاخن قزفتنا ذعنا_ differential count for w.b.c دبغا خ١عبعضا ئاششا ذذخزعا ا حشطل زخأث هر خ٠ذا ب ذ خ٠ششا ي بجع خ٠ششا فش ذا فغز ئاششا ز نشزر، خ١بص خ٠شش خطعاث يىا خطعاث ذجضر ص خفشغا حساش خعسذث ظخ حذ ئاششا داشطل غث هر ء صبخ ءب ف ئاششا ظطغر ، كئبلد خغجظث wright نشزر ص كئبلد ظخ حذ فغز ئا شغا خطعاث بزئاشل ١ عفر olymps عاا دذ تغر خ١ز٠ضا خعذبث . اذ لاو غ١جا ذا دب٠شو [6] 5 مصنا ف نىثىهغنا يىتسي سبق_ globulin concentration هر حششبج ش١غ خم٠شطث ١١ثغا زغ ظ١ل ا ف ١جلاا زغ طب١ل ذث ش ظ خم٠شطث ىا ١رشجا biured method [7] طبا دب٠ا بفر ذزر زا ١رشجا داذ١زجث غ ذ٠س٠بث فشبو ف حدعا ضخزر، ذم ٠ىر ذبل ع ف : رلاا يذغبث خم٠شطا لوذج (2) مصي ف هكنا توزجنا يىتسي سبق ( وذنا g/dl ) لاا سبجزخ عب١ما blank شطم ءب _ _ 0.02 عب١ما يا _ 0.02 _ ذا ظ 0.02 _ _ ذ٠س٠بث فشبو 1 1 1 حذ ئب ب ف ت١ثبلاا ذ 30 خم١لد حساش خعسذث 20-25 ع ي دأشل ص 540 : خ١رلاا خدبا ذمج شزب طرا حءاشل ىا ١رشجا ض١وشر 6 عب١ما حءاشل 6 عب١ما ض١وشزا ( لوذج 3 وذنا مصي ف يىجنلاا يىتسي سبق ) ( g/dl ) سبجزخلاا عب١ما blank 0.2 ظ 5.5 ٠دظا دبفع 28 % 1 شض٠ا 2 يا عب١ما 5 ذ٠س٠بجا فشبو 2 شطم ءب 5 فشبى ذ٠س٠بجا صبع ف ت١ثبلاا ذ حذ ضوشا دشطا 10 زخا كئبلد 2 ف١ا كئاشا 5 ذ٠س٠بث فشبو خعسذث ئب ب ف ت١ثبلاا ذ 37 حذ 10 ع ي دأشل ص كئبلد 540 :خ١رلاا خدبا ذمج شزب _ سبجزخا blank 100 ١جلاا ض١وشر 0.01 _ عب١ما blank 3/0.5 شر ض١وشر_ ىا ١رشجا ض١وشر ١١ثغا ض١و ١جلاا خشقبناو جئبتنا : 1 زحنا وذنا بلاخ دذع_ ذا دب٠شو دذ ف عبفرسا دع علا٠ غ خسبم خبا زغ س١ ف شا ( حشط١غا خغ س١ p0.01 بو ) ( يذع ف 4 .)وىهعهن داذغث خهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 47 عبفرسلاا از ى٠ ذل شا ذا دب٠شو دذ ف ششبجا ش١غ ا بفزثشز ششبجا ش١صأزا ب١رأز ) ١رلا١ا زغ غفس ف ش١صأر يلاخ ( ١لسذا ش [8] غ١ظر غ٠شغر ف شصؤ٠ زا ظا عبخ شا ذا ب٠لاخ (erythropoiesis) ١ا سبشا ب از [9] بو دسبشا [10] ا ا ١رلا١بث اشفلاا غ٠شغر سبشا ذل، ب٠ذ خ٠ذا حسظا ١غ ا دا [11] ذا ب٠لاخ دذ ف حشصؤا اا ا ا ظفث شصؤر بأف ثبغ٠ا ا جع ىشث شا ب٠لاخا غ ذا ةبخ ض١وشر ةعلاا لاذغا ١ا ش١ش٠ ب از صطشا ( 5 () 6 لا٠ ش١) و ف عبفرسا دع ع صطشا ب٠لاخا غ ذا ةبخ ض١وشر . خثشغزا حشزف خ٠ب ف ( لوذج 4 ىحهنا جوزفنزحنا وذنا بلاخ دذع) تهيبعنا تعىجنا و حزطسنا خعىجن خهخ( بفىتثزتنبث 10 )زتن/ خغا عجعلاا حشط١غا بفزثشزبث خبا 0.01 % 0.02 % غثاشا a 2.54 b 0.19 3.45 a a 0.15 a 3.50 a 0.27 غثبغا b 2.97 b 0.18 b 3.56 a 0.15 b 3.62 a 0.15 عب١ما أطخا يذا ضر بلسلاا ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١غظا فشلاا p0.01 ) . غ١بغا ١ث ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١جىا فشلاا p 0.01 ) . غ١ثبعلاا ١ث ( لوذج 5 ىحهنا جوزفن وذنا ةبضخ زكزت ) تهيبعنا تعىجنا و حزطسنا خعىجن (بفىتثزتنبث g/dl ) خغا عجعلاا حشط١غا بفزثشزبث خبا 0.01 % 0.02 % غثاشا a 7.22 a 0.37 a 8.10 a 0.36 a 8.60 a 0.47 غثبغا b 9.87 b 0.11 b 10.97 a 0.16 b 10.93 a 0.06 عب١ما أطخا يذا ضر بلسلاا ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١غظا فشلاا p0.01 ) . غ١بغا ١ث ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١جىا فشلاا p 0.01 ) . غ١ثبعلاا ١ث ( لوذج 6 صىصزنا وذنا بلاخ ىجح ) (p.c.v.%) و حزطسنا خعىجن ىحهنا جوزفن بفىتثزتنبث تهيبعنا تعىجنا خغا عجعلاا حشط١غا زثشزبث خبا بف 0.01 % 0.02 % غثاشا a 24.5 c 1.5 a 26.7 b 1.4 a 28.3 a 1.6 غثبغا b 32.0 c 1.5 b 36.3 b 1.3 b 39.3 a 1.3 لسلاا طب١ما أطخا يذا ضر ب ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١غظا فشلاا ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع p 0.01 غ١بغا ١ث ) ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١جىا فشلاا p 0.01 ) . غ١ثبعلاا ١ث 2 ضجنا وذنا دبزكن قزفتنا ذعنا _ ( يذغا ٠ 7 ف خ١فا ب٠لاخ خ٠ئا خجغا) خبا زغ ف ببفرسا علا٠ ذا خغث خسبم بفزثشزبث ش١غ ى حشط١غا غثاشا بضا ١جعلاا ف (p0.01) . غثبغا طدبغا ١جعلاا ف ب٠ ى٠ ( لوذج 7 جوزفن خفهنا بلاخهن خىئنا خجسنا ) تعىجنا و حزطسنا خعىجن ىحهنا بفىتثزتنبث تهيبعنا خغا غ١ثبعلاا حشط١غا فزثشزبث خبا ب 0.01 % 0.02 % بضا a 74.6 a 2.4 a 79.3 a 1.2 a 80.6 a 1.7 غثاشا ab 79.3 a 3.7 a 83.0 a 1.5 ab 84.0 a 2.3 طدبغا bc 82.6 b 1.7 b 88.3 a 0.8 bc 90.6 a 0.6 غثبغا c 85.0 b 1.5 b 90.3 a 1.3 c 92.3 a 1.4 عب١ما أطخا يذا ضر بلسلاا ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١غظا فشلاا ( p 0.01 . غ١بغا ١ث ) ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١جىا فشلاا p 0.01 ) . غ١ثبعلاا ١ث ئا خجغا با ع ذمف حش٠بغزا ب٠لاخ خ٠ غ خسبم خبا زغ ف بزجغ عبفخا ( يذغا ٠ ب از حشط١غا خغ 8 .)وىهعهن داذغث خهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 48 ( لوذج 8 جوزفن حزبغتنا بلاخهن خىئنا خجسنا ) تعىجنا و حزطسنا خعىجن ىحهنا بفىتثزتنبث تهيبعنا خغا غ١ثبعلاا شط١غا ح بفزثشزبث خبا 0.01 % 0.02 % بضا a 22.6 a 1.2 a 20.6 a 1.2 a 18.6 b 0.3 غثاشا a 19.3 a 0.3 b 15.6 b 0.6 b 14.3 b 0.8 طدبغا b 15.6 a 1.7 bc 11.33 b 0.8 c 10.0 b 0.5 غثبغا c 12.0 a 1.1 c 8.0 b 1.1 c 7.6 b 0.8 عب١ما أطخا يذا ضر بلسلاا ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١غظا فشلاا p 0.01 . غ١بغا ١ث ) ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١جىا فشلاا p 0.01 ) . غ١ثبعلاا ١ث ى٠ ذل ظرب خ١فا ب٠لاخا دذ ف عبفرسلاا از ا را غغا ف بفزثشزا دب٠أز حدب٠ص دب٠أزا ز م خؤغا غ١جا ب٠لاخا ا ذع ذل خفذزغا ءبلاا ا 30 % خ١فا ب٠لاخا طع ٠ ١رش١غا [13,12] فا ب٠لاخا ف حدب٠ضا در ذل ا خ١ (طبزا حدب٠ص ف بفزثشزا ش١صأر interleukin - 5(il-5 [14] ب٠لاخا شصبىر حدب٠ص ٠ زا ع خ١فا b [15] ١ا طر ب ذ٠ ب خ١فا ب٠لاخا حدب٠ص ف بفزثشزا ش١صأر ف شجا غ١جا ب٠لاخا عاا لبث ةبغ ذا ف .حش٠بغزا ب١علا و ف سد ب خ١فا ب٠لاخا أف فش ب ب٠ىر يلاخ غغا ف خ١طخا خبا حدب٠ص حدبا بغعلا (antibodies) ف بردب٠ص غبا از ا ر خبا زغ س١ دؤ٠ ١لاا خب حدب٠ص ف ب اسد غغا [16] 3 _ مصنا ف نىثىهغنا زكزت ٠ : يذغا ( 9 عبفرسا دع) (p0.01) ض١وشر ف خسبم بفزثشزا زغ س١ ف ١١ثغا ا د٠ ذل عبفرسلاا از حشط١غا خغ غ دبش زغ ف حدب٠ص ف غبا ش١صأر خ١لسذا [8] غ خطجرش ذا ف مر زا ص ا غغا غفد ب ١١ثغا ١رشث حدب٠ عبفرسا عبفرسلاا ف تجغا د٠ ذل أ ١ظر ر ب بغل ا ش١ خ١فا ب٠لاخا خجغ . با ١١ثغا دبئ٠ضع بطع لوذج (9) : ( مصنا ف نىثىهكنا زكزت g/dl ) تعىجنا و حزطسنا خعىجن ىحهنا جوزفن بفىتثزتنبث تهيبعنا غا خ عجعلاا حشط١غا بفزثشزبث خبا 0.01 % 0.02 % غثاشا a 0.167 c 0.007 a 0.224 b 0.023 a 0.529 a 0.007 غثبغا b 0.366 b 0.023 b 0.668 b 0.036 b 0.722 a 0.01 عب١ما أطخا يذا ضر بلسلاا خا حش١غظا فشلاا ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفز p 0.01 . غ١بغا ١ث ) ( ب١ئبظا قشف دع ا ش١شر خفزخا حش١جىا فشلاا p 0.01 ) . غ١ثبعلاا ١ث :ردبصنا 1-al –azawi, t.s.; al-rubaee, s.h. 2008: effect of dietary tryptophan supplementation on broiler .vet. research .1(2):71-78 . 2-hamilton,e.m.; gropper,s. a.1987 :thebiochemistry of human nutrition. 2 nd . ed. westpublishing company. 3-aviram,m.; cogan, u.;mokady,s. 1991:excessive dietary tryptophan enhances plasma lipid peroxidation in rats:atherosclerosis.88(1):29-34. 4-al- rubaee,s.h.2000: effectof l-tryptophan supplementation to the broiler diet on some productional and physiological characters .msc thesis.coll .of vet. med. uni.of baghdad.iraq. 5-campbell,t.w., thrall,m.n.,baker, d.c., 2004 :vetrinary haematology and clinical chemistry 5 th ed. lippincott williams & wilkins . 6-coles,e.h.1986:veterinary clinical pathology.4 th ed. wb.saunders company. 7-wootton,i.d. 1964 :micro-analysis :medical biochemistry.4 th ed. jand. a. chuchill, ltd. london wi. 8-herichova, i.; veselovesky, j.; zeman, m.1998 :effect of tryptophan administration on melatonin concentration ib pineal gland,plasma and gastrointestinal tract of chickens .acta. veter., 67(2):89-95.وىهعهن داذغث خهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 49 9-al-azawi, t.s., radhi,a.k.j. 2001 :influence of heat stress on blood pictureand some plasma constituentin laying hen .the veterinarian. 6 (1);29-37. 10-habib,a.a ;al-azawi,t.s.s. and radi,a.a.w.2003: the role of melatonin maintenance of blood picture.i.j.vet.med. 27 (1):208-215. 11-sturkie, p.d. 2000 :avian physiology. 5 th ed. springer velag .newyork .inc. 12-finocchiaro,l.m.; nahmod,v.e.; launary, j.m. 1994: melatonin biosynthesis and metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. biochemical j. 280(8):727-731. 13-maestroni, g.j. 1995 :t-helper-2lymphocutes aperipheral targt of melatonin. j. pinealres.,18(2):84-89. 14-yamaoka,k.a.; miyasaka,n.; inuo, g.; saito, i.1994: 1,1-ethylidenebis (tryptophan) (peak e) induces functional activation of human eosinophils and interleukin-5 production from t-lymphocytes :association of eosinophilia-myalagia syndrom with l – tryptophan contaminant. j.uin .immunol., 14(1):50-60. 15-davison, t.f.; morris,t.r.; payne,l.n.2005:poultry immunology. 2nd ed. carfax publishing company .u.k. 16-toivanen,a.;and toivanen,p. 1987 :avian immunology:basis and practic.vol.1 crc press. improvement of the blood characteristics of the broiler chickens by addition tryptophan acid supplement levels in ration muhannad munthir jwad* sjaa haussin al-ruby* ahmad hussien kutar* tahanee salman al-azawi** *ministry of technology and science. **college veterinery medicine, university of baaghdad abstract: this study were implemented on (60) broiler chick with one day age divided into three equal groups , first one was given basal diet while group two and three given adiet contain 0.01% ,0.02% tryptophan respectively for 7 weeks . the results show that the chicks recevd the tryptophan have asigneficant increasment in hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells count, packed cell volume and increased the level of globuline concentration and lymphocyte % which mean that the addition of tryptophan improve blood picture charactores and the immunity of the broiler chickens and this evident from the good health state and decrease the mortality among birds .وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 50 بئارنا بهناو بيهحنا يف ةهيقثنا رصاعنا يىتسي *ييتنا حناص ىناس **يسيقنا ذض يذهي ذعس ءايهع ظفاحنا *** شجا لازعا 14 ، سب٠ا ، 2009 ششا يجل 10 ، غبجش ، 2011 ةــصلاخنا : جا ت١ا ف خ١مضا خ١ذعا شصبعا ض١وشر خفشع خعاسذا ز ذ٠شعأ دشغ١ا( تئاشا (yoghurt ف خ١ا قاعلأا تئاشا جا دب١ع عجع ت١ا ١ز١ع علاث دب١ع عغر دزخأ ، ضخ ع١صر ف ذخزغا ١لاا ءبا ف شصبعا ١ر ر بو . ب١ف خ١مضا شصبعا ش٠ذمر ر داذغث خ٠ذ ا ظئبزا دشظأ.شجزخا جا ا ١لأاءبا حبم خعسد ضبفخا ب١ع صز 95.5 بفبخ ذع٠ از % خ١عب١ما خفصا خ١لاشعا ع ١لأا سذل حبم خجغ مر لا أ ع دذوأ زا 98 - 99 خجغ ذغث بو ،% ١دبىا 0.001 % خ ةع ع دذوأ زا خ١لاشعا خ١عب١ما خفصا بع٠أ فبخ از ١لأا سذل . بمثبع حسوزا خ١عب١ما دبفصاا ظ ١صسبخا طبا ذ٠ذا ض١واشر ذبو ١ ف شصعا از لازعلاا ذع ١لأ ض١وشر عأ غث 2.15 خر١عا رف شرز/غ b4 رلأ برو شر١ رف فر١ثسا جر( ض١وشر 1.13 خر١عا ف شز/غ b2 ث . فبرو جر( لازرعلاا ذرع ذر٠ذ ضر١وشر رعأ غر 9.95 رف شرز/غ خ١عا b2 ض١وشر لأ بو ١ ف فبو ج( 4.1 خ١عا ف شز/غ b1 ضر١وشر رعأ غرث ، فشجزخ ج( خر١عا رف حشرشبج لازرعلاا ذرع طبر b5 ف اسد ر جر( غرث را 4.63 خر١عا رف ضر١وشر رلا شرز/غ b7 ج( غث زا فخ١ظبىا 0.21 دب١عا ذخ ١ ف ،شز/غ b6 ,b4 ,b2 ظئبرز ذر١ث .شرصعا از ضر ر١وشر ر رعأ غر رث را دبر ر١عا عر ر١غ ١ر رصسبخا ضر ر١وشر كبر رفرسا خر رعاسذا 17.27 ر رز/غ ش خر ر١عا ر رف b3 جر ر( ضر١وشر رلأ فبرشا 5.18 رز/غ ش خر١عا رف b1 دشرظأ ذرل . فشرجزخ جر( عر١ع رخ ر١زا ظئبرز ر ض١وشر عأ غث ذمف ١دبىا ا خجغبث بأ .لازعلاا ذع صبصشا دب١عا 0.070 رز/غ ش خر١عا رف b5 ض١وشر لا ف اسد ج( 0.023 ز/غ ش خر١عا ف b4 جر( ر١ثسا ١رز١عا ذرخ ١ر رف ف b1 جر( فشجزخ b7 فخ١ظبىا ج( .شصعا از بئارنا بهنا ، بيهحنا ، ةهيقثنا رصاعنا :ةيحاتفنا تاهكنا ةــيذقنا : شصبعا فشعر بؤث ءازغا ف خ١ذعا ببر بلش خ١ئازغا حدبا قش ذعث فخزا دبشا خا ءازغا دبى شصبعا ز ا خفزخ تغث ا ئبىا بعبز٠ زا ب١م ذ١ف ب شصبعا ز ،خ٠١ا رب١بعفث شصبعا ١ل دذع ذع٠ سبظ ب ب ا ئبىا غغ ب٠سشظ ب١عبعأ [1] . اش يلاخ ربغز ت١ا ضشعز٠ دبصا ذ٠ذعا ا ك٠غزا عفا طبزلإا ا دبعا خ١مضا شصبعبو خ١ئب١١ىا دبص زخزر ارا دبغف فر ا دئر زا خ١ئب١لإا ك٠غزا عف خصلاا دبغب١زلاا داءاشعلإا كبفرسا ا خ١صا خ١عا جغا كف ع زا دبجا خثشزا ف خ١مضا شصبعا ض١واشر غع ا ص ببزث دبا١ا شجع مز٠ ت١ا بزث بغلإا را ،ربغز ذعر بع بغشغا ضاشلأ خججغ خ١واشر سصما ١غبىا صبصزا ١جضر ذا شمف ىا [2] . زا وبشا ز ذا خ١مضا شصبعبث سزا ذع٠ ا بغلإا خعب خ١عبصا حسضا خغ١ز دؤش ذ٠ذعا ا دأ ب خ١بفشا ذ٠ضا ف ساشظلأا خثشزا ءبا ءابو خئ١جا دبى ا ئبىا ظ١غ [3] . ت١ا دبغز ذأ تئاشا جا ذع٠ طبعلأا خعسذبث عزغ٠ زا سبشزلاا خععا أ ششبجا نلازعلاا ك٠شغ ع بغلإ ءازغ أ دبىا طعجث بعط بعز فصث عزغ٠ ا ع١صر ف خذ٠ بو ،وافبث دلاجم خ١جطا ضاشغلأ دبغعا خ٠صبغا دبثششا ب١عبعا اسد تئاشا جا دئ٠ .دلابا طعث ف يذع دادصا را بعا ةعش ش١ضى خ٠زغزا ف بعا ءبأ فزخ ف دشفا نلازعا [1] ، طزا از ظزر زا بجلأا بع دب٠دصلا اشظ بخ قاشعا ف يذع دب٠دصا داذغث خ٠ذ ف خص خعاسذا ز ذفذ ، لاشعا دشفا نلازعا تئاشا جا ت١ا ز ش٠ذمر ا خ١عب١ما دبفصا زمثبط ذ خ١مضا شصبعا .خ١لاشعا خ١صا * ضا دبصزللاا غل – داذغث خعبع / دبج خ١ثشزا خ١و * قاشعا خ٠سع / خعاسضا حساص * شبضا شبجا خبعس زغ***وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 51 مـعنا قئارطو داىـنا : ج ـ :تايعنا ع باذرا تر١ا ر برز١ع ذرعع تر١ ( برخ شرمث 2 رف ط١رثلأا تزرا خر٠شل ر فرغو تر ر٠شغ ر رثأ خر رمط (a1) بر رو تر ر١ شر رخلأا (تعا (a2 خعرع 1 فشزرغج شرمث تر١(شز ر دبر١عا ذرم خر١ا برو خوشرش طبرزا (a1) ءاشرررررعلإ شرررررجزخا رررررا ١ررررر١صأ رررررث طبررررر١وؤث .داسبجزخلاا خ١ا قاعلأا جا دب١ع ذعع داذغث خ٠ذ خفزخ كغب خ١ئاشع حسصث علاث 5 قاعأ : خ١ر٢ا كغبا دب١ع بشا b3 ١ثسأ ج حذا خ١ع b4 ، اسد b5 خعسشا ، b6 خ١ظبىا ، b7 ب٠شجزخ جا خ١ع دشع بو ،داذغث قاعأ b1 ١ع ىز ظ خطثب فخسبم خبع( control تعا بو ج خ١ع ع لاعف b2 خص 1 غو ف دب١عا ذم ،خ١ا بو خوشش طبزا ذ٠شعأ شجزخا ا ١١صأ ث طب١وأ .ب١ع خملاا داسبجزخلاا :وىينلأا ريذقت ترر١ا دبرر١ع ررف رر ر١لأا ش٠ذررمر ررر جررررا ث صبررررع اذخزررررعب multiparameter bench photometer داشررجزخ ررف دررعا رعا حساص خرئ١جا سرث حشرطخا دارا حشرئاد خم٠شغ ذعجرا ،ب١عىزا [4] .١لأا ش٠ذمز رصاعنا ريذقت خرررررم٠شغ ذذخزرررررعا [5] [6] ش٠ذرررررمز ذررررر ر٠ذا ،١ررررر رصسبخا ،صبررررر رصشا ،طبررررر را .تئاشا جا ت١ا ف ١دبىا : يربتخنا بهنا عيصت ر ظوش٠برث سذرل رف جرا شرع 2 شرز ترر٠شغ ررثا خررمط رر إاشررش ررر طصبررغ ترر١ ب٠ساش ع ث خعسذ حساشر 90 حذر 15 خر١بص حساش خعسد ا دشث ص 45 ف١ظأ 100 غ جرا طبر بر٠شزىث( دبرجا ر lactic acid bacteria خجر رغث( ف 5 حساشر ر خر رعسذث ر رع ف% 45-40 سأ حذ دبعبع عث [7] . يئالصححا مليهحتنا statistical analysis اذخزرعبث ب١ئبرصا ةسبرغزا ظئبرز ذر ضبررغا ئبررصلإا ظبررشجا [8] خرر٠ع ذرر٠ذز دذرعز رىاد سبرجزخا ذخزعا دلابعا ١ث قشفا دب٠ذا (duncan, 1955) [9] . ةشقاناو جئاتنا : بيكرت رذق :وىينلأا ( يذرررع رررظ٠ 1 خررر١ذعا شرررصبعا ف رر١لأا ءبررا ترر١وشر ررف خررخاذا ررف ذخزررغا شررر رجزخا جررررا ش١ررر رعر صبررررغث دسذررر رل ررررزا رجا سزا ف١طا صبصزا flam atomic absorption spectrometry خجر رغ ذر رغث ذر رل ١لأا 95.5 خ١رعب١ما خفرصا فبرخ ازر % خرر١لاشعا [10] خررعسد ررمرلا أ ررع دذرروأ ررزا رع ر١لأا اأ ف حبما 99-98 ذرزعر را % زا ١لأبف ربم خجغ ع ذعا وآر خعسد غرر رجر رر رربم خرر رعسد 99.9 رر رلا خرر ربم شرر رضوأ % رربم خرعسد زرا ذرعا ر روآز خرظشع ١رث 95-94 . % ذ٠ذ رررا ررر رررو خجرررغ ذرررغث ١رر رصسبخا طبرر را %0.19 , %0.09 ,%0.95 رظ عرمر ر ارزا رع ر رى خ١لاشعا خ١عب١ما خفصاا بث غا دذا [10] ١رررث ذرر ر٠ذا خجرررغ ددذرر ر رر رزا 1-0.15 % ١ررررررر رث طبررررررر ر 0.25-0.03 ١ررررررر رصسبخ % ١ررث %0.25-0.06 ر رر ، رر ر خجررغ أ شررظ خر١لاشعا خ١رعب١ما خفصا كثبط از صبصشا [10] رر رر١لأا رراأ ررخ ررع دذرروأ ررزا رشورب ع كفز٠ ب از ، صبصشا [11] أ رف ر رخر بجعلاا خجغ خ١ع ف خعزغا الأا زجرغ ذغث ذمف ١دبىا بأ ،صبصشا 0.001 % برررفبخ ذرررع٠ ازررر خ١رررعب١ما خفرررصا سذرررص خ١لاشعا [10] ر١لأا راا خ ع دذوأ زا .١دبىا ( لوذج 1 وىينلأا ءالا يئاييكنا ميهحتنا ) يربتخنا بهنا ريضحت يف وذختسنا دبعا % خ٠ئا خجغا ١لأا 95.500 ذ٠ذا 0.950 طبا 0.090 ١صسبخا 0.190 صبصشا - ١دبىا 0.001 شخأ 3.269 كغا 100 ييجورذيهنا ىقرنا (ph) ايعهن : ت ( يذغا ظ٠ 2 لشا ١ل ف غث ذمف لازعلاا خش يلاخ دب١ع ١عسذ١ا ١ز١ع ١عسذ١ا لشا a1 a2 6.6 6.7 ذع ب كثبط٠ از ازا ع [12] أ ف ١عسذ١ا لشا غث ت١ 7 . 6 ، ١زا ذع دب١ع ١عسذ١ا لشا ١ل يذغا ١ج٠ بو ١ث ١ما ذاشر را تئاشا جا 2.9 - 4.6 ذل فشظ تئاشا جا ك ا ٠بجزا از ععش٠وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 52 طب خغزا ب٠شزىجا ٠٠ ب عبزا ض lactobacillus streptococcus بش١غ زا عفش٠ ١عسذ١ا لشا خ١ل طفخ٠ سذث .خ١عبا ( لوذج 2 للاخ تايعهن يجورذيهنا ىقر ىيق ) ولاتسلاا ةهحري تايعنا ييجورذيهنا ىقرنا a1 6.6 a2 6.7 b1 4.6 b2 4.2 b3 3.9 b4 2.9 b5 3.9 b6 4 :بيهحنا يف داعنا زيكارت ف خ١جا ظئبزا دشظأ يذغا ( 3 ت٠شغ ثأ ت١ دب١ع ف دبعا ض١واشر ف ( a1 ( تعا بو ت١ ف a2 لازعلاا ذع ف ف خ٠ع خلاد دار قشف دع ظئبزا دشظأ ثأ ت١ ف ١صسبخا ذ٠ذا ١لأا ض١واشر شصبعا ز ض١واشر ذغث ذمف لازعلاا ذع ت٠شغ 4.64 , 1.71 1.35 ز/غ .ش ١ ف شظر شصبعا ز ض١واشر ف خ٠ع خلاد دار قشف بو ت١ ف خ١ا بو خوشش طبزا ( ف ض١واشزا ذغث را 0.09 2.25 2.93 / غ بو . ازا ع هضا ذ٠ذا ١لأ شز ١ث شصبعا ز ض١واشر ف خ٠ع قشف دشظ ١عا ٠ز ذل . ت١ا ٠ز دب١ع ذخ طبا شصبع ت١ا ١عا . ١دبىا صبصشا ( لوذللللج 3 يللللب بلللليهح يللللف داللللعنا زلللليكارت ) (بلل ليرغ a1 (بلل لهعنا ىالل لك بلل ليهح و ) a2 ذلل لع ) ولاتسلاا ذ عا فشز/غ( ض١وشزا a1 فت٠شغثأ ت١( a2 فبو ت١( al *1.33 b 0.09 a fe 1.71 b 2.52 a cu **u.d.l. u.d.l. zn 4.64 d 2.93 a pb u.d.l. u.d.l. cd u.d.l. u.d.l. .داسشى خصلاض يذع * ** u.d.l. under detective limit ** فشا ،خ٠ع قشف يص ذع ا ش١شر خثبشزا فشا * خ١بزا زغ ذع دلابعا ١ث بدع ا خفزخا 0.05 . شرور بر عأ ظئبزا ز دءبع [13] غرث ذر٠ذا ض١وشر أ ذع زا 0.91 رف شرز/غ ذرع بر بع٠ا عأ ،لازعلاا ذع ت١ا [14] ذر رل لازر رعلاا ذر رع تر١ا ر رف ذ ر ر٠ذا خجر رغ أ رف ذغ رث 0.21 هرضا ضر١وشز خجرغبث برأ ، شرز/غ ذ ر ع ب عأ ض١وشر بو ذ مف [14] تر١ا رف غرث را 0.7 رعأ برو برو ،لازرعلاا ذرع شرز/غ شرور بر [15] ر رف طبرا هرضا خجرغ أ رف ذررغث ذررل ترر١ا 11.4 0.31 ذررع شررز/غ .ازا ع لازعلاا :بئارنا بهنا تايع يف وىينلأا زيكرت (يذغا ١ج٠ 5 ف ١لأا ض١وشر ف اشا جا دب١ع جا ب٠شجزخ شعا تئ ض١وشر عأ غث ، لازعلاا ذع ب١ ظزا تئاشا خ١عا ف b4 غث زا 2.15 لأ شز/غ ض١وشر 1.13 خ١عا ف شز/غ b2 شظر ، ١ز١عا ١ث خ٠ع دبلشف b1 b2 ١ ف ض١وشر ف خ ٠ع خلاد دار دبلشف دشظ ١ث ١لأا دب١عا b7 , b6 ,b3 خع b5 , b4 ا تجغا ععش٠ ذل . شخأ خع خ١عا أ b1 أ ب٠شجزخ عص ر تئاس ج عبزا ف خ١عا خ١صا ت١بعلأا كبجرا خ١عا بأ ع١صر b2 تعا بو ج ف ا شصبعا يبمزا عر خ١ى١زعلاث تع ف ؤجعا ا حدبا ذل. خ١ى١زعلاث خمجطث خفغ بى خ١ئازغ جا طرب ١لأا ض١وشر ف كبفرسلاا از ععش٠ يذع( ١عسذ١ا لشا ضبفخا ا تئاشا 2 ف لازعلاا ذع غث را ( لوذج 5 بلئارنا بلهنا تايع يف وىينلأا زيكرت ) ولاتسلاا ذع ايهحي جتنا بئارنا بهناو يربتخنا دب١عا فشز/غ( ١لأا ض١وشر b1 *1.93 a b2 1.13 a b3 1.29 c b4 2.15 d b5 2.0 d b6 1.29 c b7 1.14 c .داسشى خصلاض يذع * فشا ،خ٠ع قشف يص ذع ا خثبشزا فشا ش١شر ** خ١بزا زغ ذع دلابعا ١ث بدع ا خفزخا 0.05 . 2.9 , 3.93.7 ,4.0 , 3.9 . دب١ع ,b6 , b5 , b4 , b3 b7 ذعبغ٠ را ازا ع ص ضخا ذع وآر ف ظزا طبا خ١ئازغا حدبا ا ١لأا يبمزا [16] . ذعب ع ظئبزا ز فزخر [17] غث سبمثلأا ت١ ف ١لأ ع١جطا ض١وشزا أ 0.46 شز/غ ءبا اذخزعا ا كبفرسلاا ععش٠ ذلوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 53 حذ ضخ تئاشا جا ع١صر ف ١لاأ قاعلأا ا م ١ ا ضا . ذـيذحنا زيكرت (يذغا ١ج٠ 6 دب١ع ف ذ٠ذا ض١وشر ف ظزا تئاشا جا ب٠شجزخ عصا تئاشا جا ا دشظأ . لازعلاا ذع قاعلأا ف ب١ ظئبز ع١ع ١ث ذ٠ذا ض١واشر ف خ٠ع دبلشف دع ذ٠ذ ض١وشر عأ غث ذل دب١عا 9.95 شز/غ خ١عا ف b2 ض١وشر لأ 4.1 خ١عا ف شز/غ b1 . جا طرب ف ذ٠ذا ض١وشر ف كبفرسلاا ضع٠ ذل يذع(١عسذ١ا لس ضبفخا ا تئاشا 2 ف ا خجغ كبفرسا ءاشع تئاشا جا ف خظ . ه١زولاا طب خغزا ب٠شزىجا غبش جا دب١ع ف ذ ٠ذا ض ١وشر خ سبم يلاخ ض ١وشزا ع لازعلاا ذ ع تئاشا ظئبزا ذبو سب مثلأا ت١ ف ذ ٠ذ ع١جطا ذ ع ب عأ [17] غ ؤث شور زا خج سبمثلأا ت١ ف ذ٠ذا 0.45 دعر ذل ،شز/غ ذل تئاشا جا أ ا ذ٠ذا خجغ ف حدب٠ضا ز ذ٠ذا ع زر زا ١لأا سذل ف عص ( يذغا ف ظ بو بج١وشر ف 1 ذبو بو ، ف ذع ب عأ ظئبزا [13] ض١وشر أ ذع زا ١ا دبغز ف ذ٠ذا ث ذبو ت 0.0-0.9 .شز/غ ( لوذج 6 عصنا بهنا تايع يف ذيذحنا زيكرت ) ولاتسلاا ذع ايهحي جتنا بهناو ربتخنا يف دب١عا فشز/غ( ذ٠ذا ض١وشر b1 *4.1 b b2 9.93 a b3 5.72 d b4 8.97 e b5 6.21 ef b6 6.68 b b7 5.93 e .داسشى خصلاض يذع * ١شر ** فشا ،خ٠ع قشف يص ذع ا خثبشزا فشا ش خ١بزا زغ ذع دلابعا ١ث بدع ا خفزخا 0.05 . ساحنا زيكرت ( يذغا ف ظئبزا شظر 7 ض١وشر ف شجزخا ف عصا تئاشا جا دب١ع ف طبا ذع قاعلأا ف ب١ ظزا تئاشا جا زعلاا ض١وشر ف خ٠ع دبلشف يذغا شظ٠ ، لا دب١ع طبا b1 ، b3 ، b5 ، b7 غث ذل ض١وشر عأ 4.63 خ١عا ف شز/غ b5 لأ ض١وشر 0.21 خ١عا ف شز/غ b7 . بأ ا دب١ع b6 , b4 , b2 شظر ف طب شوزر ض١واشر أ ا .شصعا از لاصأ بخ تجغث ب١ف ذع تئاشا جا دب١ع ١عسذ١ا لس ضبفخا يذع( ضخا 2 كبفرسا ا ددأ زا ةبجعلأا ف ع ظزا طبا ذعبغ٠ را طبا ض١وشر طبا يبمزا ص سذما ذع وآر ف ذ٠اضز حدبا ا خضخا خ١ئازغا ، ض١وشر خسبم ذع ع لازعلاا ذع تئاشا جا دب١ع ف طبا زا سبمثلأا ت١ ف طب ع١جطا ض١وشزا بشور [17] خغبجا 0.13 بأ ذغ شز/غ ا طبا خجغ ف حدب٠ضا ز ععشر ذل خعفرش ١لأا اأ ف عص ذل تئاشا جا أ ا عبفز ب١فبو ذلا ب و أ قاعلأا ا م ١ يبمزا ضخا ءب لأ خاذا طغا ع طبا حدبا ا شصبعا خ١ل ذبو ا خجغ .خ١ئازغا شور ب خفبخ ظئبزا ز ذعر [18] ف ذل ب١وشر ف بجلأا دبغز ف طبا خجغ أ ١ث ذاشر 0.004 - 0.133 ذبو بو ،شز/غ شور ب عأ ظئبزا [15] طبا خجغ أ ف لازعلاا ذع ذغث ذل عذا تئاشا جا ف 0.14 ردذ ب خمثبط ظئبزا ز ذعر ١ ف شز/غ [19] ١ز١ع b1 b7 ف طبا زغ أ ف ١ث اشر ت١ا دبغز 0.1 - 0.3 ذع شز/غ لازعلاا . دذر خ١لاشع خفصا ذعرلا بث بع .ءازغا ف بث غا طبا خجغ ( لوذج 7 بئارنا بهنا تايع يف ساحنا زيكرت ) ذع ايهحي جتنا بئارنا بهناو ايربتخي عصنا ولاتسلاا دب١عا فشز/غ( طبا ض١وشر b1 *0.26 e b2 ***u.d.l. b3 2.85 b b4 u.d.l. b5 4.63 e b6 u.d.l. b7 0.21 e .داسشى خصلاض يذع * فشا ،خ٠ع قشف يص ذع ا خثبشزا فشا ش١شر ** خ١بزا زغ ذع دلابعا ١ث بدع ا خفزخا 0.05 . * ** u.d.l. under detective limit يصراخنا زيكرت ( يذغا ١ج٠ 8 ا ض١وشر ف ف ١صسبخ جا شجزخا ف عصا تئاشا جا دب١ع ظئبزا دشظأ .لازعلاا ذع ب١ ظزا تئاشا ١ث ١صسبخا ض١واشر ف خ٠ع دبلشف دع ١صسبخ ض١وشر عأ غث ذل ، دب١عا 17.27 خ١عا ف شز/غ b3 ض١وشر لا 5.18 شز/غ خ١عا ف b1 .وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 54 ج ( لوذ 8 بهنا تايع يف يصراخنا زيكرت ) ذع ايهحي جتنا بهناو ربتخنا يف عصنا ولاتسلاا دب١عا فشز/غ( ١صسبخا ض١وشر b1 *5.81 e b2 7.29 a b3 17.27 d b4 11.15 d b5 9.87 e b6 15.31 e b7 5.41d e .داسشى خصلاض يذع * * * ذع ا خثبشزا فشا ش١شر فشا ،خ٠ع قشف يص خ١بزا زغ ذع دلابعا ١ث بدع ا خفزخا 0.05 . ١صسبخا ض١واشر أ ظئبزا دشظأ ذع خربفز تغث لازعلاا ذع خعفرش ذبو ت١ ف ١صسبخ خ١ع١جطا تغبث بزسبم غج٠ زا سبمثلأا 3.9 ذع بو شز/غ [16] ، عش٠ ذل فلاعلأا خع١جغ ا كبفرسلاا از ع ع١صر خ١ع ا هزو ب١ا خثشزا خبزا ١ ا ١ف ئبمث ١لأا اأ اذخزعبث جا ض١وشر بو ١ ف .خ١ا قاعلأا ا ص دب١عا ف ١صسبخا b7 , b2 , b1 ظ بشور زا ض١واشزا [19] ١ث ذاشر زا 7.3 - 4.0 ذع سبغزا تئاشا جا ف شز/غ دب١عا ف ١صسبخا ض١وشر بو بو .لازعلاا b7 , b5 , b2 , b1 زا ض١واشزا لا بشور [14] ذغث زا 9.71 جا ف شز/غ بز١عا ذبو ١ ف ،لازعلاا ذع عذا تئاشا b1 b7 ١ا صر ب ةسبمر [2] ف خجغ أ ذغث ١صسبخا 5.8 - 8.8 دءبع .شز/غ دبغز ف ث غا زغا ظ ظئبزا ردذ زا بجلأا [19] زغث 20 . شز/غ صاصرنا زيكرت ( يذررع ١ررج٠ 9 ررف صبررصشا ضرر١وشر ف جرا شرجزخا رف عرصا ترئاشا جرا دبر١ع لازر رعلاا ذرع بر ر١ ظزر را ترئاشا عر ر١ع ذر رخ را رخ را هرر عرعش٠ ذرل . صبرصشا ر دبر١عا ر برجلأا ع١رصر رف خذخزرغا ر١لأا راا ( يذرغا رف رظ ر برو صبرصشا 1 ازر ف سذر رص كثبر رط [10] ر راأ ر رخ ذغشزر رشا ر رزا ،صبرصشا ر ر١لأا خرفبخ ظئبرزا زر ذرعر شور ب [14] خجرغ أ شرور زا رف صبرصشا ١رث ذراشر ذرل ب١وشر ف بجلأا دبغز 2.94 - 0.19 بر خرفبخ برع٠ا ذعر لازعلاا ذع شز/غ ذررع [2] ذرربو صبررصشا خجررغ أ ذررع زررا 0.05 تئاشا جا فشز/غ . ( لوذج 9 بهنا تايع يف صاصرنا زيكرت ) ذع ايهحي جتنا بهناو ربتخنا يف عصنا لاا ولاتس دب١عا فشز/غ( صبصشا ض١وشر b1 *u.d.l. b2 u.d.l. b3 u.d.l. b4 u.d.l. b5 u.d.l. b6 u.d.l. b7 u.d.l. u.d.l. under detective limit * وىييداكنا زيكرت ( يذررع ١ررج٠ 10 ررف ١دبررىا ضرر١وشر ف جرا شرجزخا رف عرصا ترئاشا جرا دبر١ع ا تررئاشا رر شررظ٠ ، لازررعلاا ذررع برر١ ظزرر ترئاشا جرا دبر١ع أ يذغا b7 ,b1 ذرخ ذرل دبررلشف دشررظ ١رر ررف ١دبررىا شررصع رر ضرر١وشر ررعأ غررث ذررل دبرر١عا لبررث ١ررث خرر٠ع ١دبررى 0.029 خرر١عا ررف شررز/غ b2 رر رلأ ض١وشر 0.04 خ١عا ف شز/غ b3 . لا ظ ئبزا دءبع شور ب [18] أ ف ذر رل بر ر١وشر ر رف بر رجلأا دبر رغز ر رف ١دبر رىا خجر رغ ذغث 0.674 ذربو ١ ف لازعلاا ذع شز/غ ذرع بر عأ ظئبزا [21] خجرغ أ اذرع ازرا ذرغث ذرل بر١با رف تر١ا دبرغز رف ١دبرىا 0.001 بررأ ،لازررعلاا ذررع شررز/غ دبرر١ع جررا b3 , b2 , b1 b7 , b4 , بر خرمثبط دءبرغف رررردذ [19] ررر رررث رررغا ضررر١وشزا ا ررر ت١ا دبغز ف ١دبىا 0.05 .شز/غ ١دبرىا ض١وشر ف ظا كبفرسلاا ا لشرررر را ضبرررر رفخا ررررا درررر رع٠ ذررررل دبرررر ر١عا ررررف يذرررع( دبررر١ع ١عسذررر١ا 2 كبرررفرسا خرررغ١ز ف سد بر رزا خرظا ذرع روآزا ساذرا رف تررغ يبر رمزا ر رص ر ر تررئاشا جر را ع١ر رصر ر راأ رغربو ،خر١ئازغا حدبرا را شرصبعا ر خرفزخ ضرخ ع١رصر رف خذخزرغا رالأا ذرع حبرم حدبرا رف ١دبرىا ضر١وشر كبفرسا ف تئاشا جا خجرررغ ا ذرررعا ررر١ر ررر ١رررجر ذرررمف خررر١ئازغا ١دبررررىا ذرررربو رررر١ف 0.001 فبررررخ ازرررر % سذص [10] ذرعا رخ ةرع رع دذوأ زا .رسطخ ١دبىاوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 55 ( لوذج 11 بهنا تايع يف وىييداكنا زيكرت ) ذع ايهحي جتنا بهناو ربتخنا يف عصنا ولاتسلاا دب١عا فشز/غ(١دبىا ض١وشر b1 **u.d.l. b2 0.029 a b3 0.04 b b4 0.023 c b5 0.07 d b6 0.05 c b7 u.d.l. .داسشى خصلاض يذع * ** u.d.l. under detective limit * ** فشا ،خ٠ع قشف يص ذع ا خثبشزا فشا ش١شر خ١بزا زغ ذع دلابعا ١ث بدع ا خفزخا 0.05 . دب١ع ف ١دبىا ض١وشر ظئبز أ جرا ضر١وشزث خرسبم خرعفرش ذربو لازرعلاا ذرع تئاشا زررررا سبررررمثلأا ترررر١ ررررف ررررع١جطا ١دبررررىا غر رج٠ 0.026 بذر رع ر رزا شر رز/غ [17] ر رى برغلإا خرص رع حسرطخ ىرشر خرعسذث ذرغ١ ررر ترررغ درررع رررا درررع٠ ذرررل كبرررفرسلاا ازررر ر رىر ذرل رزا رعاشا خرثشزا رف ١دبرىا .خمثبرغا ةشرا رف خذخزغا خعلأا طبز ذرل ر رربغز تر١ا رف ١دبرىا سذرص رى٠ كرعلاا بعطا دادا خذخزغا الأا اا خرر٠زغلأا خغبررعث ةزرر٠ بررئلاغ ررف ذخزررغ٠ را ب١ف بوشر ذع أ خجطا ذع خ١عبا [21] . رداــصنا : 1 . فرع٠ رع در ،رجعضا 1983 خرعاسد . ترر١وشزا خرر١ع١ثشى١ا دبفررصاا طررعث .داذر رغث خرمط رف ظزرا ترئاشا جر خر١عا .داذغث خعبع ،خعاسضا خ١و ،ش١زغعب خبعس 2. harma, j.; sandra, m.; edwin, j.c.; jurian, a. and jos, c.s. 1999. human health risk assessment: a case study involving heavy metal soil contamination after the flooding of the river meuse during the winter 1993-1994 .environmental health perspectives , vol:(107) . 3. yousif, h. l. 2002. cadmium, copper and nickel level in vegetables from industrial and residential areas of lagos city, nigeria, global j. of environmental sciences 1(1) :106. 4. hanna instrument manufacturers science 1978. c99 and c200 services multiparameter bench photometer, instruction manual italia srl. 5. hankinson, d.j. 1975. j. dairy sic., 58:326. 6. brooks, i.b.; luster, g.a. and easterly, d.b. 1970. atomic absorption newsl , 9 (93):1133-1149. 7 . رراد ،بررشا 2002 سبررمثأ خررغ .بررجلأا . ،خبضا خغا ،بغأ (38) : 28 . 8. statistical package for social science(s.p.s.s.) 2006. version 16-, user guide for personal computer, chicago. 9. duncan, d, b.,1955. multiple range and multiple f-test. biometrics, 1, (1) :1-42. . 11 . ( رررر رلس خرررر ر١لاشعا خ١رررر رعب١ما خفررررصاا 283 ف 1984 .ر١لأا ر خعرصا خجرطا خر١عأ . ،خرر١عا حشط١ررغا ظ١رر١مز ضرروشا صبررغا .داذغث 11 . شرررر١خ رررر ،ررررغ 2005 رررر١ع ١رررر١مر . خ خرر١ا خررخجطا بررجعلاا دبررص ترر١وشر ،خررعاسضا خرر١و ،ش١زررغعب خبررعس .حدسزررغا .داذغث خعبع 12. steinsholt,k. and calbert,h.e. 2004.the quinhydrone electrode for ph determenations in milk and dairy products. departmant of dairy and food industries, univerctiy of wiseonsin,madison. 13. francais, e.n. 2005.iron indecator. snac sport nutrition advisory commette. 14. gutbrie, h.a. and picciano, m.f. 1995. human nutrition. printed in u.s.a. coposition by vonttoff mann press, inc. 15. magnus,d.;bo,l. kathryn, g.d.; roberta, j.c. and olle, h. 2004.iron, zinc, and copper concentrations in breast milk are independent of maternal mineral status 1,2,3 .the american j.of clinical nutrition, 79 (1) :111-115. 16. carl, m. 1991. heavy metals and other trace elements: monograph on residues and contaminations in milk and milk products. chapter 6.وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 56 international dairy federation, belgium. 17 . ا ١رر رغ برر رص برر رع ،رر ر١ز 1985 ش١صؤرررر . ضر١واشزا رع خر٠زغلأا رف خ١رعبا دبرىا راأ رف خجرطا ءبرصأ ر١لأا شرصع خرم١لذا ا خ١و ،ش١زغعب خبعس .١لأا خعبع ،خعاسض .داذغث 18 . داع قدبص ،خعغ ع ذ شبع ،خ١شا ررغ ،ج١جررشا ذررجع درر ،شررعا 1984 . .داذغث خعبع ،تزىا ساد .بجلأا ءب١١و 19. tokusoglu, q. aycan, s. akalin, s. kocak, s. and ersoy, n.2003 . simultaneous differntial puls polarographic determination of cadmium, lead and copper in milk and dairy products. journal of agricultural and chemistry. 20. egyption organization for standerzation (e.o.f.s.). 1993. egyption standard maximum level for heavy metals contaminants in food. es: 2360-vdc: 546. 19.815. arab republic egypt. 21. miguil a.d.; fernando m.; gonzalo, g. and manuala, j.2003. total and soluble contents of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc in yoghurts. science direct / food chemistry / 80, (4) : 573-578. 22. erik, h.l. and lis,r. 2008. chrmium, lead and cadmium in danish milk products and cheese detrmined by zeemangraphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after direct injection or pressurized ashing. journal zeitschrift fur lebensmittelunters uchung and forschung a/ berlin. levels of elements in milk and yoghurt salim s. al-timimi* mahdi t.al-kaisey** alia s. alhafud* * home economic department-college of education for women. ** ministry of agriculture. abstract: this study aimed to know the concentration of elements content in dairy products. nine samples collected from the local market in baghdad, two samples of milk and seven of yoghurt.the results were followed: the ratio of aluminum in aluminum cans that is used for storage milk and industrialize yoghurt is about 95.5% ,this ratio is against [1] which said that pureness of aluminum used in aluminum cans should not be less than 98-99% . and the ratio of cadmium reached to 0.001% which is also against [1] which assure that the aluminum cans should be clean from that element, mean while the concentration of iron, copper and zinc were within the standard level. the highest concentration of iron was in treatment b2(canon yoghurt)it was 9.95 mg/l while the lowest concentration 4.1 mg/l was in treatment b1 (lab yoghurt). the highest concentration of copper appeared in treatment b5 it was 4.63 mg/l while the lowest concentration 0.21 mg/l was in treatment b7. the results of this study illustrate that the increase of zinc in all treatments. the highest level reached to 17.27 mg/l in b3 treatment (al-washash yoghurt) and 5.18 mg/l as a lowest concentration in b1 treatment (lab yoghurt). the analytic results showed that all of the treatments were cleaned from lead. the highest concentration of cadmium reached to 0.070 mg/l in b5 treatment (dragh yoghurt) and the lowest concentration reached to 0.023 mg/l was in b4 (arbeel yoghurt) while treatment b1(lab yoghurt) and b7(kadmiaa yoghurt) were clean from cadmium concentration when receipt.مىلعلل داذغب ةلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2112 75 ا ليذب ةنيحطلا ريثأت رصقولا كيكلل ةيعىنلا صاىخلا يف نهذلل *ينابيشلا نيسح ذوحه يلع *سابع لضاف دادو شجنا ولازطا 81 ، ربا ، 2010 زشنا لجق 75 ، غبجش ، 7188 ةصلخلا : زيصقنا دينا لادجزيطت زصيير يصقر شجنا فد خي بيبش نا خيلنا وايلنا يا خي هزلي تيظث خيطنبث يي ي ميكهن سبييزنا دينا رزيجنا خيثغزنا تيظ دساسست د زيصقنا ميكهن خيظنا 0.05 p خيغز ) لادجزيطت خجيظ دل بن خق هلت ذغهث لادجزطلااحسبس 811 برديق حسبيس تيظث % 81 81 7 01 يهل ، % ، نازنا ببصقت ذغهث خجظث داردثزكنا ذع لت بث 81 لادجزطلاا خجظ دل % 811 بثر ذنا زيلاا ، % ى بيقنا يلب ررت خينلادث ميكنا ىيغ بييت د ميكهن خ اذغنا خقنا ظر نا زش standing height يي ساسست ديقا حسبيشنا خجيظ يهجزن لادجزطلاا تظ حسبس 8 لادجزيطلاا خجيظ ديل % 71 خجيظ يست ميصزن يي ي ذيع لت ىيص % ضب لت 8 لادجزطا خجظ دل بعت % 811 ) خيربقنا صبيطلاا خيطهلنا ليص ، يظنا ىقزنا زظت ، % خجظ ءبضزطيث لادجزطلاا دلايب ث خربقي خ ي حرصث خظنا والنا ع ا دبعردنا هلت هل 77 % طلاا تظ ث معالاا ذبي زنا لادجزطلاا دلايب ي فهزلن جقي صنا مكنا بي خيبل حرصث لادجز د : ةيحاتفولا تاولكلا .ةيعىنلا صاىخلا ، نهذلا ، ةنيحطلا ، رصقولا كيكلا ةهذقولا : ىيظظنا دي sesame ميلبنا ديت خييييظظنا خييييه ب نا يييينا ييييز يييي ، خييييزشنا pedaliaceae يييي يه نا يييي يطت sesamum indicum l ] 8 [ يقا ضين ىيظظنا رذث ودلزظر ييي يعت بيي يت ، ميي يين خنبيي يصنا ديي يشهن ل ارديي يصي بيظلان بذيغي ترديصي [2] يا خيلب خيت بين زيضر بيت بي )شازنا خطنا دبهنا خلبل سبييزر د دبييغ نا طيي ث ميي كنا شييجلنا لييا ي يهل بي ي از خي ينبل خي ي اذ خي يقث ىي يظظنا رذي يث يييث رديييق ذييينا رزيييجنا %25.3 يييهل خجظث داردثزي 15 % [3] بازي ل لاعا، يث ازيز ذينا ذشنا ي نب نا 71 - 01 % [4] شي يلنا بي يغرا نبي يل دبي يجضث ىي يظظنا ذي يس في يصز ميي يضي خيي ي جطنا حديي يظيلاا داسبيي يعي يي يهل يي ي ازلا نيبييييظط sesamolin يبييييظط sesamin ليبظط sesamol [5] خييس ضبييا ييهل ىييظظنا ذييس ييز يث ازيزر خجيظث خ جيشي 87د7 - 87د8 د بي يظنا % بجيظ مدييارلاا مربزيظنا مزنبجنا بي 0 8د4 1د5 ضبيييلاا بييييت دنايييزنا يييهل ، % ي يزنا ىي ي للاا خجي يظنا ي يكزا خ جي يشنا زي ي خي يدنا يييث ازيييزر 82.9 - 17د1 يييي د بيييظنا % بييي ب خجيظث منهنا منلاا 88 81د4 نايزنا يهل، ، [6] ظزير ىظظنا دبغزي ىت ي خطنا د ر ضجييكر ىييص زييشقزا يير ييزنا ىييظظنا رذييث ييي خييييزغ خييييغل مكييييشزن [7] بييييربزث سبييييزر دبيبز نا ل لاعا دنا رزجنا ي خ رزنا يييطنا ودلزيي يظر د سبيي ي نا خيييظ ر خيي ينت حسبيي يي خ خييطنا حلانبييي دبييهنا خلبييل ييا خييلب طي بيثبجنا خيطث نبيي خي اذغنا دلاجقنا وبييييق بييييز [8] بييييكنا تيييييززنا خييييطاردث ذي يغهث رزي يجنا خجي يظ ت ي يث ، خي يطهن 78د5 % ديييينا 71د0 فبيييينلاا % 7د4 سبيييييزنا % 4 % يي مقت خثغزنا 8 ر يظ نا % 007 ىيغهي 811 وظغنا ى 407 ىغهي 811 ديدنا ى 5د80 ىييي يغهي 811 صبيييينا ىييي ي 8د00 ىييي يغهي 811 ىيييي شييييغنا 8د80 ىييييغهي 811 مييييشنا ىيييي 5د17 ي ويظنبكنا يي خيههق تيظ يل لايعا ىي ىغهي 08 ىي يغهي 811 وهي يط ىي ي 1د17 ىي يغهي 811 ، ىيي م بيظنا سبيغنا اازيربييزي ميهر ت يث (glc) مي ينلاا طيبي ي خجي يظ ت خي يطنا ذي يشن 87د8 % مييييييييييييييييينهنا 40د4 ميييييييييييييييييزنبجنا % 0د1 % مربزييييظنا 0د8 طيبيييي ينا يييي يظلانا ديييي ي ، % بيث خيطهن خي اذغنا خقهن للاا سدنا يلاا ضي خيززجكنا خييلاا بيظبت خجظ ذبي حسديينا دبييجهطزنا سبييغزر بييازثززنا )زييظط خظن خنب نا خصنا خلارشنا ءاذغنا ز ي ي 8054 خييهثبق ذييبي ، رزييجهن ل اردييصي ب ي يلث بيييرزث ىيييع 14د4 بيييرزث حءبييي ي خجيييظ % 7د88 د وبق [9] زيصقنا ديهن لاديث خطنا وادلزطيث حسبييي يس عييي يلا ،زييي يجزلنا شييي يجلنا خلبييي يل ييي يا ت ذيغهث تشيجلنا خيشب يا خيطظي بين خيق يهل لادجزيييطلاا خجيييظ ديييل 71 سدييي يييي خيييغ % بيي ، ، لادجزيطلاا خجيظ حسبيس ديل ظا ضب لت ىظق* نشنا سبصزقلاا - دبجهن خثززنا خهي – سادغث خ يبعمىلعلل داذغب ةلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2112 71 دلايبي نا ىي ي يهل ل بي ي خيهيب نا ذي ذق ر زغيظ خيي تهنا ن خلب ش ي ز لاا سديي يينا بييكنا مييهزنا ظ بييز دربييشت بييي خيي ي ي حسبيي يس 0.05 p يي يزي يي يا ) خيي يثغزنا ي يا رزي يجنا سبي ييزنا ي يزي ي يا خي ي ي زي ي يييييزي يييييا ييييي ي ضبييييي لت سدييييي ييييي ربي يشت بي يي دلادجزي يطلاا تي يظ حسبي يشث داردي يثزكنا [10] خي ي لزيا سع ودل نا 0.05 p يا ) يزنا شيجلنا خيربقنا خيهيب ي يث شيجلنا ىيغ خجيظث لش نا ىظظنا رزث هل 81 خجيظ ، % 80 زييع زيي لاا ىييظظنا دبييغزي رزييث % ىييييق نا يييينا ىييييظظنا زييييع ىييييظظنا زصيييير ت س يييي ) شييييزنا ىيييظظنا رزيي يث ساس بيي ، شيجلهن خظنا والنا ا ظهي ربظ ضبييلاا سبيي نا رزييجنا ييي مييي ييزي منذييي ييظلانا خييلب خييهكنا صبييطلاا خيييلاا ا ىع خهثبق ذظر دديع بي ، رزجن [11] ت يهل يزنا ذكيظجنا يا رزيجنا خجظ 81 % يا زجيظ ف يظ بيي دينا نشيي ىيظط سيقس يهل يزنا ذكيظجنا 811 ت ، يقنا سيقس % ييي رزييجنا خجييظ ذيي ررت 81د0 يينا 71د8 ، % يهل يزنا ذكيظجنا ت ددع بي 71 - 41 % ي يي ىي يظط سي يقس سبي ي دي ينا نش طرس ي يهلت ي يهل مجقر د ديع بيي [12] خجيظث زيصقنا دينا ميهقر خيبكيت 71 - 01 ادييهنا زييصقنا ديينا لادجزييطت دييل % يطيط خنب نا حسبنا ذشنبث surface active agent دييع [13] ذييس ييي ييصنا مييكنا ت ميييكنا يييي ميييعات بيييي ز يييص نا بيييصنا ليييا قنا خيي يربجنا ديي ينا يي يي يي يصنا ميي يي يي يا حزيي يص دبيييييك كنا بييييييا ، خيييييقنا خيييييظنا بيييييصلنا حلانا suger cookies خكنا ا خثبشي ذبكا مي يقت بي يت لاا حزي يصقنا دي ينا ي يي ي يصنا مي يكهن بيييي د خهيييعاا خيييشبشنا زييي نا يييا صبييير علا [14] يظر يي مكنا ىغ ا حسبس سد دجزيطت خجيظ ديل ي ي ي خيلنا يلا لا 71 % بيييينا زييييغنا وادلزييييطت ييييي ىييييظظنا ذييييس سههييييط مييييضي مييييثزث ييييظيرد hpmc ) مززط وسل تهزظي - 7 - ذهزي ssl ) ميكن ميهر يي يهلت خيلنا دبعرس نغي بي ،طردينا ربيجنا دنا وادلزطيث ل نا خربقنا لادجزييطت خجييظث مييكنا تييهن سقديينا تيييززنا بييي 71 ىظط ذس % hpmc سديل يي يظهيت يجيزر خجييظ ييا ل بييظب لت ادييع ، فبييغزنا ييي مييقت ضبي يلاا ي يا حسبي يس خ جي يشنا خي يدنا ضبي يا مينن طيبي ييلص خ جيشنا زي خيدنا لادجزطت خجظث مكهن خدنا ضبلاا تيزر بي 71 د خربقنا مي ي معات ىظط ذس % دييع بييي [15] ليينا ييغ مييكنا ىييغ ت ازيشن تيهنا خثلال ي ي زصيزر ىن ا اساسست بيي ، دبيطهلهن حرذينا يع ذس خابظت دل مكنا خييي يقلا نا دا خييي يظنا واييي يلنا دبييي يعرس دساسست يع ذيس خجيظ حسبيس يي وبل مكشث مكنا حسغث لادجزييطا خييهيب ي دسبيي خابييعنا حرذيينا 01 % بعردنا هلت يك ىن فلاز ا ا ي ى زنا هل د لادجزيي يطا زهيبيي ي ث خيي يربقي ييي ي ي 11 811 د% خي ظ بيص يي خيطنا يث سبزر بن تز ي ينا نبي ينا شي يجنا ي يط خي ينجقي خي يظ خي يذغر زيصقنا دينا لادجزطت زصير صقر shortening بش نا خلنا والنا ا خ هزلي تظث خطنبث ي زييصقنا مييكهن خييظنا خيي ب shortened cake غ د لوعلا قئارطو داىولا : زييصقنا مييكنا ييصر ىيير shortened cake يزجزلي حريذنا خقزطنا تظث [16] ذه زيطت ت :خرلاا زسبقنا تظث خطبقنا مكنا خطه - يغ 51 طردي ربج س ، ى 88 زكيط ، ى 811 ، ىي طث 40 رر ، ى شجلنا 7د0 تيه ، ىي 50 ىيط 4 يهي ، 8د7 لابيا ، ىي 8د7 ىيط 4 لادجزيطت تيظ بييت د خجيظ ت صبيطت يهل بثبيظ ىر دقا خطنبث دنا خطنا ا ذشنا 01 ل اسبزطت % ا ريذي بن رسبييييصنا [17,8] يييينا خييييطنا خابييييظت ذيييير ي خي هزلي تظث دهن دث خ هزلنا دلايب نا 811،57،71 ، 77 لدغنا ا ظي بي % 8 د) ( (وذدج 1 كديكلا ةدطلي يدف نهذدلا (اذبتدبت أدسن ) اهنازوتو ةنيحطلاب لادجزطا خجظ %دنا دنا س )ى س )ى خطنا 1 88 1 77 41د57 85د0 71 71د7 48د7 57 81د77 78د4 811 1 01د4 ديينا تييظ زايير ينيير ييزنا اسيييث خييطنا ذ ييظت* خجيظ سبزليث من صبطا خطهلنا ا حرزقنا بظ زصقنا 01 رسبصنا ا سر بي خطنا ا ذس % كيكلا ريضحت ةقيرط غلاي يلنا وادلزي يطيث خي يدهقزنا خي يقزطنبث مي يكنا زي يع ا ءبع بن يقجغ بثزكنا [18] يطنا مل ت ، ينا لابي نا ذ يظت ، يي ي يهنا رسبيث ميكجنا ا خققس حدن خططزنا خلزظنبث دنا ه ىص تهن خييققس حديين هلناززييطت زكييظنا فييظت حدييا حديا خيققس حدين يه طيجنا فيظت فيص خيي شيهص يي ةبيزنبث طنا خي شهص ذ ظت طيلنا يه ىيص رزيي خابيظا درزي تهنا حدن 87 بيي ذيس خبص 411 يا ذ يظ ىي اق بيزطق خدي حردي تن 87 يا دشيج ىيص ىيطمىلعلل داذغب ةلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2112 70 ي يرراز خيعرس زيا 711 حدين و 71 طزي ي ت خي يققس زيع ، يغ صبيق ىير سزيث زي نا يي ميكنا قاث مكنا 4 دخهيب ي مكن دارزكي ةيئايويكلا ليلاحتلا ةبىطرلا ريذقت يا حسراينا خقزطنا تظث خثغزنا زدقر ىر [19] ذ ظ ت ، 7 - 4 نا ي ى س دا خي ع يا خ حرازي خعردث بثزي زا ا وه ي 817 يز و د ذس خ غنا دسزث ىص سنا دجص داهرلا ريذقت يا حسراينا خقزطنا تظث سبيزنا زدقر ىر [19] ، دي ييززنا سبي يع ي يا خي ي نا لزي يث مين muffle furnace حرازيي خييعردث 777 زييغر يي يينا و سبيزنا هنا نا بن د ضبجهن م بنا نيتوربلا ريذقت ا حسرانا لادهي خقزغ وادلزطيث رزجنا زدقر ىر [20] ذثزيظ يهكنا عزيزنا خجيظ دردق ت ، ميب نبث 0د77 د رزجهن خئنا خجظنا طازلزط نهذلا ريذقت ذهيييظيط سبيييع وادلزيييطيث دييينا خجيييظ درديييق ولالزطن soxhlet ا خقزطنا تظث ا حسران [20] ط نا زضلاا وادلزطيث petroleum ether دنا ولالزط د ةيلكلا تارذيهىبركلا ريذقت فبينلاا بعث خهكنا داردثزكنا زي ردق ا زي بن يقجغ [20] دثبظنا لز نبث كيكلا نجح سايق ى بي يقنا ي يلب ررت خي ينلادث مي ين مي يكنا ىي يغ صبي يق ىي ير standing height ث يا ءبيع بي تظ [18] ت ، بكيط مكنا تنبق ط ي خزش ذ طق 7 د ىيط ، وبيلزنا ىيهقث بهكيش سد خقر هل ذ ظ ذيطر بدي ث 7 خزيشنا يط يا حديا حديلت زيي يظلاا يي يلاا يي يصنا يي يي ميي يي يي يهل بيي يصت مكيي يش ميي ي اس يي يا حزظبيي يزي يي يقاي يي يا خزيي يشهن ييظق خييقرنا ييهل خيييطزنا خزييشنا لاييغت ذ حزطيييييظناخغبطثزززظنبث خييييييطزنا حديييييلا يهل لصهن حدلا سدل هل ذظق ىص ذ ع ى بقنا نب ررا مض ذنا وبقرا لد ي standing height د يسحلا نيىقتلا حزيشل يي زيصقنا ميكهن يظنا ىيقزنا ءازعت ىر يي نشنا سبصزقا ىظق جظزي ي يقي صز ا يا حسراينا ىيقزنا حربزيطت سيا هل وب [18] ميع زنا اشيي وادلزطيث hedonic scale ي فنيزنا 8 - 5 ت دبعرس 5 ، سبيزي 0 ديع ، تديييع 7 ، ديييع 8 ، يييطزي 4 ، ليييجقي 7 ، ئسر 8 دي ث زيصقنا ميكنا و ت يق ديق د تديع ئسر حازيييطنا خغيييظنا زييي نا شييي يييي ديييغر نا خكنا دوب نا مجقز يئاصحلآا ليلحتلا statistical analysis مييبكنا ايش نا ىيصزنا م زطت completely randomized design (c.r.d) مييهر ييا يييا خييي هزلنا دلايبييي نا زصيييير خيييطاردن دبيييبجنا يث خي نا لزي نا ذيرق ، خيطردنا دب صنا يي ي ي لزيي يا ميي يقت ربيي يجز ت وادلزيي يطيث دبطيي يطزنا l.s.d شبيييغنا ظيبيييزجنا م زيييطت ) [21] يييا د بصا مهزنا ءازعت ةشقانولاو جئاتنلا : لديغنا زي 7 دينا لادجزيطت زصيير ) خيطنبث ت ، زيصقنا ميكهن يجزقزنا بيكنا تيززنا ا دساسست ديي يق خيي ي بكنا دبيي يكنا تيي يظ ت يي يعز يييي ي 0.05 p دييينا لادجزيييطت خجيييظ حسبيييشث ) ينا خطنبث 811 يزنا دارديثزكنا ءبضزيطيث % ييييي ي بزجييييظ ذييييهق 0.05 p حسبييييشن خييييغز ) يشث ز لاا دبكنا دبزي لادجزيطا تيظ حسب خيي غ خييعردث بييازي ساسست دييقا خييثغزنا بيييت ، يصقت خيغنبث لادجزيطلات تيظ حسبيشث خي ي زي حسبيي يشهن خيي يئي خجيي يظ 81 لادجزيي يطلاا خجيي يظ ديي يل % 811 ييا خهييلبنا حسبييشنا شيي ر ت ييك ، % دبييزنا يينا سبيييزنا ديينا رزييجنا تييظ ا ا دبكنا ذن خنب نا ط ذنا زيا خطن مييكهن خيي اذغنا خييقنا حسبييس ييهل يييثبغت تزييشني ييزي حسبييس شيي ييي خييلب خ ييصث ظزيينا خيئنا خجظنا ت يهل خد نا زلب نا رزجنا ببيصقت ذغهث حسبشهن 81 01 ، نايزنا يهل ، % لادجزيطلاا خجيظ ديل 811 ضبي لت تيبع يي % دثزكنا زي ين خجظ صقت هث ت دار 81 % لادجزيطلاا خجيظ ديل 811 اذيدز ت تيبع يي % ي مي دع بي ي س ز [9] [10] [11] د (نقر (وذج 2 رصقولا كيكلل يبيرقتلا يئايويكلا أيكرتلا يف ةنيحطلاب نهذلا (اذبتبت ريثأت ) دبكنا )% لادجزطا خثغزنا رزجنا دنا سبيزنا ثزكنا دارد زنا حسبشنا % زنا %حسبشنا زنا %حسبشنا زنا %حسبشنا زنا %ضب للاا 1 18.130.07 - 5.30.25 - 10.50.15 - 1.780.22 - 64.280.70 - 77 18.398د14 7د1 5.90.23 87 10.50.19 1 1.920.01 1 63.281.46 7 71 19.050.73 7د1 6.750.13 71 10.70.21 7 2.490.03 45 61.051.04 7 57 19.320.95 5د1 7.40.25 81 110.03 7 2.70.08 77 59.571.16 1 811 19.780.95 81د1 7.840.20 81 110.08 7 3.370.017 01 58.011.06 81 l.s.d 2.61 0.70 0.47 1د87 4د77 رزكي لد ي*مىلعلل داذغب ةلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2112 01 لديي يغنا جيي ي 4 يي يطت زصييي ير ) تيي يظث ديي ينا لادجز خينلادث زيصقنا ميكنا ىيغ يا خطنا ي خ هزلي ى بيقنا يلب ررت (s.h) standing height ، يييييي ي ساسست ديييييق ميييييكنا نبييييي ررت ت يييييعز ت 0.05 p ) ينا لادجزيطلاا خجيظ حسبيس ديل 71 % برديق حسبس خجظث 8 خيربقنا خيهيب ي خيق يي % ييي ي ضبييي لت سدييي يييي تيييظ حسبيييس ديييل يينا لادجزييطلاا 811 خجييظث % 8 زييش اذيي ، % ، يط مكيشث ل ادياشزي ل بيط مهظ لا زصيزنا ت نا يث ميكنا ىيغ يا حسبيشنا ت ينا حربشلاا ردغر لادجزيييطلاا زجيييظ 77 71 ت دخييي ي يييكر ىييين % شي ت ك مكنا نب ررت ا حسبشنا ذ سد زطا ساي سع نا ضظهنا خلب خ صث ةلا وايي ي ييظر ييا رس بيي ين ييزنا خييطنا ييا زيي ديقا دبغ نا [22] ىيظظنا رذيث يزي ت يييث ازيييز ضيييظهنا يييي 71 - 407 يييي ءشيييع يي ميي ديع بي ي س ز اذ هنا [9] [12] [14] ذج ( (و 3 نده ةدفلتخه أسنب نهذلا (اذبتبت ريثأت ) ند دجح يد دف ةدنيحطلا د دعافترت ةد دلأذب رد دصقولا كديكلا نئاقلا s.h. )% لادجزطا نب ررلاا ى بقنا s.h. )ىط ت حسبشنا % بصقنا 1 4.29 1د17 - 77 4.380.02 7 71 4.450.01 8 57 4.160.08 - 4 811 4.120.15 - 8 l.s.d 0.15 - دارزكي خصلاص لد ي* لديي يغنا يي يج 8 ديي ينا لادجزيي يطت زصييي ير ) تيي يظث مييكهن خييظنا واييلنا ييا خييطنا ييي خيي هزلي دييينا لادجزيييطت ت ييينا ظ بيييزنا زيييشر ، زيي يصقنا خيظنا وايلنا دبيعرس ميهقر ينا ست خيطنبث لادجزي يطلاا دلايبي ي ي دسبي ي ت ، دي ياشزي ي ي ي يهل يي ي ي مي يقت دبي يعرس ي يهل 0.05 p دسبي ي بي يي ) زي يطيث )صبي يطلاا خي يطهلنا خي يربقنا خي يهيب ي ي يهل ءبض لادجزطلاا خجظ 77 يهل دسبي يزنا % 7د5 يزنا يل يي ي فيهزلر ىين تديع ديع زديقر يي ةزيزقر هل دسب زنا خربقنا خهيب ي 0د0 ةزيزقر زنا اذييي يييا تجيييظنا سييي بيييثر سبزيزديييقر يييي ىي طنا ينا خيظنا والنا دبعرس ا ضب للاا ل ازبي يظ جي يص ذي ينا خي يطهن بي يي بي يل سبي ينا دي ي ييا مين يي ى زينا يهل دلادجزيطا خجيظ حسبيس هل مص ب ع لادجزطلاا دلايب ن وب نا مجقزنا تزديقر بيهقت خيعرس ذيغهث يطزي زديقر يي زيضيت 8د7 لادجزطا خجظن 811 د% لادجزطت يث طبززطا ك ودقر بي هل بظطير زجييييظنبث خييييطنبث زييييصقنا ديييينا 77 71 % ي خي ي بيبش نا خي يلنا دازيشني دذي ي ت ا ت خيك دبجظنبث خنبعا خذغزنا خظنا ( (وذدد دج 4 يدددف ةدد دنيحطلاب نهذدد دلا (اذبتدددبت ريثأدد دت ) .رصقولا كيكلل ةيسحلا صاىخلا دب صنا )% لادجزطا ز نا خغظنا حازطنا خكنا وب نا مجقزنا 1 6.5 0.17 6.4 0.16 6.5 0.16 6.1 0.27 6.6 0.16 77 6 0.25 5.8 0.24 5.9 0.23 5.6 0.22 5.7 0.21 71 5.5 0.22 5.3 0.21 5.5 0.22 5.2 0.2 5.4 0.22 57 5.1 0.37 4.7 0.36 4.2 0.38 4.8 0.29 4.7 0.44 811 4.1 0.43 3.9 0.31 3.9 0.34 4.3 0.55 4.2 0.53 l.s.d 0.87 0.77 1د18 0.95 0.99 خيظنا وايلنا لدي ي ميض لديغنا ا ىقر مي* يقي زش ن زصقنا مكهن رداصولا : 1- langham , d.r. and wiemeres , t .2002. progress in mechanizing sesame in the u.s. through breeding . p.157-173.in.j.janick and whipkey , a(eds) trends in new crops and new user . ashs press , alexandrria, va,u.s.a. 2- yoshida , h.1994. composition and quality charactesitics of sesame seed (sesamum indicum) oil roasted at different temperatures in an electric oven. j. sci .food .agric ., 65:331-336 . 3 - لسر – هل ض مير ، دجل ذك ، 8018 راس ، خزكظنا خزشنا ملبنا ، و ، ملنا ، تزكنا 81 د 4 - ، ظ زلب ، ز ل 8001 ملبنا شجنا نب نا ىه زنا حراس ، خزكظنا خزشنا و ، سادغث خ يبع ، ه نا 77 د 5- brar, g.s. and ahuja, k.l. 1979. sesame : its culture , genetics , breeding and biochemistry , p245-313.in malik , c.p.(ed). annu.rev. of plant sci. kalyani publishers, new delhi. 6- rahman, m.s, hossain , g.m. and uddin , m.m. 2007 .studies on the characterization , lipid and glyceride composition of sesame (sesamum indicum lin) seed oil , j.sci.ind . res, 42(1):67-74.مىلعلل داذغب ةلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2112 08 7 - ، وه هن خثز نا رادنا 7110 صنا خجطنا خ جطنا ، )ىهط ىظغن ل وب غ مهيبي و ، نا 707 د 8- sawaya, w.n;ayaz ,m;khalil , j.k. and shalhat , a.f. 1985 .chemical compostiom and nutritional quality of tehineh (sesame butter) , j.food chem 18(1):35-45. 9 - ، مظبا ساس ، صبجل 7111 ضثدنا وادلزطت ، ، خ اذغنا دبغزنا صر ا م ادث خطنا خ يبع ، دبجهن خثززنا خهي ، ززظعبي خنبطر دسادغث 10-el-adawy , t.a. 1997. effect of sesame seed protein supplementation on the nutritional , physical , chemical and sensory properties of wheat flour bread .j. food chem. 59 (1):7-14. 11- el-shimi, n.m and badkok. 1992. sensory evalution and chemical composition of cookies prepared with wheat / sesame flour blends . menofiya. j.agric res (17) :1169. 12- hartnett, d.i and thalheimer , w.g. 1979b. use of oil in baked products .ii sweet goods and cakes .j.am .oil.chem.soc.56(12):948-952. 13- berglund , p.tand hertsgaard, d.m.2006. use of vegetable oils at reduced levels in cake , piecrust , cookies , and muffins .j. food.sci 51(3):640-644. 14-sowmya , m; jeyarani ,t;jyotsna ,r.and indrani , d .2009. effect of replacement of fat with sesame oil and additives on rheological , microstrutural, quality characteristiss and fatty acid profile of cakes .j. food hydrcolloids. 23(7):1827-1836. 15- nasir ,m; butt ,m.s; anjum ,f;m; jamil, a and ahmad .i .2009. physical and sensory properties of maizegerm oil fortified cakes .j.agri.biol.11:311-315. 16-campbell, a.m, penfield, m.p and griswdd, r. 1979. experiment study of food, second edition, u.s.a:390-391. 85 - ، لسبل ز ع ،زبظ 7118 خذغزنا ضطت ، سزنا زشهن لادغنا راس ،خصنا بل - ود سرلاا 325 18- department of food and nutrition . 1975. food science college of home economics, kansas state university manhattan kansas ,u.s.a. 19- a.o.a.c,association of official analytical chemists. 2005 .18 th ed .washington d.c, u.s.a. 20-pearson ,d; harold , e; ronald, s.k. and ronald, s.1981 .chemical analysis of food, churchill livingston , new york. 21- sas. 2004. sas /stat users guide for personal computers .release 7.0.sas institute inc.,cary, nc.,usa. 22- jellin , j.m ;gregory , p;batz, f.and hitchcns, k.2000 .pharmacist letter/ prescriber s letter natural medicines comprehensive database 3 rd therapeutic research faculty, stockton ca.p.1-1527.مىلعلل داذغب ةلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2112 07 effect of fat replacement with tahena on the quality properties of shortened cake ali m.h al-shaibani* widad f. abas* *dept. of home economics, college of education for women, university of baghdad. abstract: the objective of this research was to investigate the effect of replacing fat(shortening) with different percentages of tahena on the quality properties (physiochemical and sensory ) of shortened cake.the percentages of moisture,protein ,fat and ash of cake increased significantly(p0.05) as the replacement was increased .the highest increase percentages were 10,48,5,and 90 %,respectivly, at 100% replacement .carbohydrate,however,decreased by 10%at 100% replacement .these findings may indicate improvement of cake nutritional value.standing height,as an indicator of cake volume, also increased significantly by 4% at the 50% replacement then it decreased by 4% 100% replacement level. basic formula (control) has significantly revealed the highest scores in all sensory properties as compared with all replacement formulae except the 25% which was the best among all replacement treatment ,however,all cakes made of different replacement formulae were generally acceptable.وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 74 اهتامبطت و ةبطشنا ةذي ىنإ صاكع ةمطي ي ساسي ىهع ضسأ سطاغي حسي ةىتكتنا *خاشنا باهىنا ذبع ذنا ءاض *باجح يذشس ىساب سثىا لارسا 6 ، اصىا ام ، 3122 رشىا هثق : ، راا ، 3122 :ةصلاخنا يقإ راسى را ساغ س ءارظأ ذ مر حمقاريىا حمترغىا ءارمظىا م ىامشىا ءزعىا ف عق هطت اتظ حثرىا ح ىإ لااش ئاقىا ح 238 ترم طمىا لىامسىا سمرطىا ميى مسىا رمظأ ، م عقات ر ىا ذا 224 ار ق حت حفاست حطق 3 راسىا هلأا ءزعيى م 3 ىإ 6 لأا ءزمعيى م رم ج مشىا مامق لامظ ارمسا مسىا اطم مف ا مذرثىا حمساغىا ج مشىا مامق لامظ ارمسا ت رامسىا م خاءارمق خ مرىا ذإ ا لانى ىا غلاط وق ف دي ماسأ حط فطت فطت ر ا اذرثىا اءارمقىا عمظ دمطتر مش ، حمىا خامظرىا ءارظلأ لاعىا اط م مساسلأا حمطىا عمق مىإ حميقىا خ خاءارمقىا عمعى فارامتطىا يامرىلاا ظرىا ءارظأ ذ ت راسىا ه يى دىل خاط اش هلا مسىا طئامرت اما امقتاطذ مساغىا مرلأا مسىا طئامر مثذ ت ما عمظر رمس مىإ امىاظرإ اى طف طىا عىا ساغىا 2:85 م c.g.g. مى مزذ مرىا حيمسىا خاذ ذامشىات سميير امف لمىذ ا 61 مف لارم ا مظ ما امم جرغمظىا حيمسىا خاذ ذامشىا مف رمصما ومطافذ حمسار ىا ط خرظأ ف ،م يم ف ماقىا حساغىا ج شىا را ق ر ىزىا ويرىا بيسأ حسار ىا ط ف ارسأ ،رسار ىا ا سى رى طارمت ا ارمسات حميى حمثمر مىإ اميق حمساقىا حمينىا حمثمرىا ومذ ميت لمىذ ذامشيى ر مظىا رامط م م م م يىا دم مررقا ذإ حم مساغىا ذام مشىا رم مسفذ م مف حم مارىا حم مظطىا بيم مسأ م مرىا م مش تجزام مظ بم مسا ا حمظىعىا خاماثىا ميى ايامرىا حطمسىا دمذ خلايمىا ائ مث امرراق دمذ حمسار ىا حمقطى حمرنرى حمارىا حمظطىا حميى امت مذا حمسار ىا م حمظيارسىا طئارىا هلا تاسف حقطيى حتطعىا ذاشىات رامط مىإ ومظذ حمقى إ مظت رمثم ونمشت جرش مر حمقطىا حمرنذ أ غرمرقذ حمرلأا حمساغىا ذامشيى سمىا أ ج مىاقىا خاممرىا طم منذ مق حثمس خاممر امت مظذ خامميت سمي ميى إ مظىا طم دميى ام ،حمترغىا ءارمظىا حمقط حمرنذ مى حىومسىا حقتاسىا حظىعىا رظيىا هلا د رىا حرنرىا مىإ خامشانى رمف م اميى امقفأ حمساعر رما حراامظت لامرذ اييىا جرشقىا راط ويظ احمرأ أ م مف امثرىا مىإ يمي لا م مق حمررقىا خامميثيى حم مساغىا حمساسىا مف لارم لاا امت حمسار ىا دمت اممت مز سميت عرلأا امت راظى حفي حطغ يظت لاارا لىا ،حازفىا خافظىا ىإ اا حرااظىا ى 29 تيفسىا جرشقىا راظى أ م نا اا اهك نا تف مااه تنا اش ىا ابىطناو يداا اتعوا ح اااتنا ةا اسطاغنا طذا اشنا ااسطاغي حا اسي : ةا احا ةساخانا ةىتكتنا نوضنا ةيذمنا : ويىا حىرست حساغىا حقرطىا زرذ فىانرت درق ا اذإ طئارىا حقي فىانرىا حيق لاا حظىعىا حئازفعىا سئارطىا ر ت ا ةماررىا ى فشنىا ف ويرسذ حقرطىا ط ف تسرىا ءاطغىا لس ذ حظىعىا ج ىاقىا راط حظىفر حتسرىا عالأا ح يىا خايعرىا ذ لىطم ف ج ريىا داذااىا دارنىا ي يى انذ [1] لىطى حا ءاس حقرطىا ط رطذ ذ جزظأ رسفرىا سئار حا أ ح ارسىا ماقىا حققي طئار يى هظىا وظا نىا ويرىا حئازفعىا سئارطيى حثس حييق حل ج ت ر لأا [2] ت مظ مساغ مس ءارمظإ مذ ارميىا مف إاممفذرات 251 حمرممش مم لممىذ cgg 2:85 ا حمسرفىا [3] ذ وميذ مذ مسىا اطم طئامر رمسف ئار ج ىاقىا راط سى ئار ى طر طىا ايمطافذ ئارماىا طم منى حمساغىا ذامشىا مامق خاذ ا مى ام ها مرىا جي م دمام حمقق ىا خامممس رمممعذ مممى ممم مممف ممميىا مممسرىا مممسىا طئامممر ى مم مرى احمممرأ حمممرت حمم مساغ م مطافذ م مطيرى م مر أ م معىا دم مام لىطم مى يأ و اميى معىا مسىا طئار 2:85 مى وئامسذ وم رما طئامرت ذ مذ ا مى حمطا صاثىا ارصنىا ممىازىزىا ممسىا أ تطممعىا ممسىا طئاممرى حممقتاط ءزم معىا رامر ا حمىاىا حمسار ىا مف مذ م مقف لىطم مى * يى سق / ييىا حيم عرلااوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 75 ممممس طممممفرى حممممترغىا ءارممممظىا مممم ىاممممشىا يى رأ ساغ هطت راس 349 ت اثرقذ م اممممسرارت لاممممرذ طمممم حممممسار ىا حممممقط إ ذإ صام مثىا امرا م ام مإ مى لامف حيمارىا حم يىا خاميعرىا حمطفىا خاسار ىا ف ارلأ ييرمم خاذ حممقط ممنذ أ ممنىا مم اممإ أ ممف حممص ىا سممئارطىا ا ارممسات ممىا ياممظرقا مسىا طئار رسفذ حمظطىات حميصرىا مساغىا جرممط ءاممطىإ ممن اراممست ممرىا حممارىا حم مقطى طم مسىا دمذ ظم مىعىا عم مقايى مأ تحسار ىا حمقط م أ مثذ رىا حسار ىا حقط عقذ دممتاش لاممظ ممرىا لاممنى وممق هاممش ممثيىا م مف ا لام منى وم مق م ما عم مق م مف ا لاا حم مطىا ا ءازم مظلأا حممقاريىا حممترغىا ءارممظىا مم حىاممشى ممقر ونممش 2 حمم فاى حممراي ا ي ممىا مم ا همطىا مط مت رامثلأا 51 52 مط اقرمش عرميىا 44 45 خاشا مدت لاامش u.t.m ا ;حذلاا ىايىا زمرا ا ةست كــــششت مــــشت ةــــطمنا شظا ش مك ( 1 ) 611 3761 ا 611 3657 ب 691 3657 ج 691 3815 د حمممقط ممم حممميقاىا حمممراي ا خا مممىا مممأ مقر ونمش حمسار ىا 3 طمىا ئامقىا ءامق م ا ح م مقطىا م م حقرم مشىا حىام مشىا ارم ملأا م مف عم مق حرمسىا ي مىا برق – حمثرىا ءامق احمقاريىا ا حمقطىا م ترغىا تعىا ءزعىا ف عق طىا عقذ اأ حسار ىا حقط ف ظر ف جري نىا حقط ميى امأ حمقطىا م عمقرف خامشانى حمقط سرطىاممت ئاممقىا ءاممق ترمم طممىا امميىا سممرطىا يا ممغت عرممسىا – ممىا حط مم عممقذ ا وممثر h2 حممقط مم طممسىا حممتعىا ءازممظلأا ممف ا تحسار ىا ذإ حياظرقا حا اى حقطىا ط إ اما ىا غلاط و ق ىاىا لاغىا ةمررىا ذ / مف لاما ومقى امشرما هأ مي طمىا ا لامنى اى حقاريىا حترغىا ءارظىا حقط 2::5 ت ( مكش 1 ةساسذنا ةمطي اه بي قاشعنا ةطساخ ) ( مكش 2 ةساسذنا ةمطي ) هم نا معنا : مممساغىا مممسىا لامممظ سق مممذ مم مذ مف خاءارمق خطم أ حمسار ىا طم ف ارسىا فمظ حىامس ج ى ا ضاش ا عق لامعر لا لامعىا مت خامقرفىا ه ي أ ثذ 1 امام , مىا غلامط ومق مف عمق ي م مش ) لامنى ( رم امىإ حمساسأ حمط فمطت يامرىا حم مفام رم م لأا حم ماصىا خام مطىا م متر . طم م م مف ىا حط ) ىا غلاط وق – حمىازىزىا حقرفىا رق ا مرلأا مساغىا هامعىا ج مش خاءارمق ديعس حم ميتارىا حم ماغى حم ماصىا حىام مسىا غاثم مظىا م م ءا م مرتا طم أ مذ اثرقذ حىاس فظ ا ا حل ج ت ءاسوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 76 م م ىام مرر م م ج مى حم مر ىا خاءارم مقىا طم لأا مممساغىا مممسىا ج ممم ومممصذ مممسر مممر زممىا عمم حممساغىا ج ممشىا رممغذ خامم ذإ ر عىا حىا خاظريى يت اف د ارسا دمام حمساغىا حمىا خارمغرىا إ ام رمطىات أ عمملا ممى هممثقىا ياممرىلاا ممىا مم لىطمى حمساغ فمطاى يمظ ميى خارمشو مم مظرىا مم مف خلاعمم مسرىا طمم م خ مم مرىا مم مىا ساغىا هاعيى . عممق مم م مساغىا ممسىات ء ممثىا م مذ ئامقىا ترم طىا سئرىا سرطىا يى ئاقىا برق اا م م دم مطىأ حم ما ثىا حم مطق رم مش ذ م مذ ،حم مثرىات قر (8) مرىا مقى ،حمر أ م ظرىا ذ ا ذإ ر أ حطق ت حفاسىا ذ ف جراسىا يا ى دام مت ام غارمرذ جراراىا حفاسىا 1 مم 2 مم دمام ةمىاغىا مف 2 أ مىإ همطىا م مىا مم امعذات رمشىا مىإ مسىا اعذا رغذ ذ ذإ حر ممف حمم ر رمما حفاممس ياممرىا ممذ امم حممثرىا مت ام مامقىا 1 مم 5 ار مق حميم حفامسى مم 40 تم ىا رامس يى حىلاي اق رش ذ ذ قى مس يم قر ونش 3 ا مقر حمطق خامشانى رمف ى ذإ (3) قر حطق حر أ خ ى (1) حثرىا خ ى قر حطق (4) حمساسا حماش خامط اقىا حقت تلاا حساسلأا حطىات يت اف اطترى حممممللاىا خاممممظرىا عممممظ دممممرظا خامممظذ ءامممس حمممساغىا ج مممشىا خاءارمممقى ىا خارممممغرىا تحممممفاراتطىا حمممميارىلاا حمممم خامات خ مرىا igrf اميى 2000 بامس مذ ذإ خامطىا مى مساغىا هامعىا را مق 8 3 1 4 مماىا ررممينيى رممغرىا ه يثممست قر ه ظ 2 خاءارمقىا مظذ مذ مساسأ ميى ا حمطىا دمام ذإ إامفذرلاا عمقىا لارم لا حثمس حساسلاا تخاظرىا ط عظ ف عظرىا لوذج ( 1 :) ااب ي ةبىس نا ضسلأا سطاغنا لاجنا ىل ب igrf اىسهن 1995/2000 st. no theoretical magnetic value difference اام average اام / م note 1 - حرا أ 3 - خاشانى رف 45148.3 45429 280.7 3.9 direction of profile toward north 3 - خاشانى رف 8 - لانى 45429 45685.2 256.2 2.6 direction of profile toward ne - 1 حرا أ 4 - حثرىا 45148.3 45159.6 11.3 0.29 direction of profile toward e :فصىنا شسفتناو مه تنا اممممم مى حممممم مىلأا جرممممم م ىا إ ممممم مسىا خ ونشىا ساغىا رلأا 4 ذامش يمظ مثذ ا ذام مش ام مييارذ خاررينىام مت ر م مقذ جرم مثم حيم مس خاذ سمنيذ مرىا رامرلأا خامتت ر مقذ حيمس خاذ ر أ ي م مع خاذ طسىا حثرق ذطش رياظ خاذ ريامممظ جرمممثنىا ذامممشىا سمممنيذ ممم مممف ، يذ ممف مميى رامميرىا مميى جرممثم اممىأ ومم سمى ميى مريذ جذامشىا حيمس امف حم عىا ذامشىا عمممطقىا ممم طممم ا مممى مممنى ر مممظىا 2 - 4 رمسىا حمعىا ج ما جذاش ثظذ أ ن ثطذ حفامس مىإ عطقىا حا ت و صذ رىا 51 مف ةمظىا ءزمعىا وصذ أ نىا ، اثرقذ م حمماغى ممىا مم ممقثرىا مم حفاممسىا حمما 83 طم خ مى اذدمف ةىامسىا ءزمعىا وصذ أ ن م جذامشىا طم ر مظ من حمىاىا طمت ج ا جذاش رثما سى يى 41 م أ ا ارمسات لمىذ م وممص حيممىا لممظىا half width , peter’s method formula امإ اميىا ز مم امم حمميى حممثمر سممى حمميم حممثمر رىا رامط أ مقريذ مرىا حقتامسىا افىا ع غقا سم مى م مى ارم مساغ م م ي م مقفذ عرلأا ام مت 31 – 36 رارمىا را ملاا ه مي امقف يى م مىا اطم رسف أ ن ف عرلأا اثى مممف ممما لارممم ا أ إ مممط مممرظ ومممص أ تعرلأا ات حرااط فسات حقلاى ى ن ق يى جريم حمثرىا برما هامش أ مث راسىا اط أ ا فمساى حقرمشىا حمفاىا مى هامشىا ررس طم أ م امظر رصملأا ر ا لاارلاا جرينىا إامم ت ةمممارذ حممىع ممى جرياممط ذامم مشىا مممنذ حمممفيرا امممىأ حممماثر حمممطغ حمممفيرا حمطقريىا حمساغىا ذامشىا امى حمئاىا حيظىا عمطقىا ميى سمثط اط إ عرلأا طس ى 9 - 4 أ ثذ حثىاس حثظ حسئر ج ا جذاش ث ا ذإ ا حفامم مسىا مم مى عمم مطقىا رامم مس مم مف 219 امم مثرقذ مم مم حفامس مى عمطقىا م مىا حماىا مف مرذ 2:9 جذام مشىا م منذ عم مطقىا حم ما ت م مف م ما ام ميى م مم اراثرىا ى جذاشىا ط أ ،حثىاس ميف ج ا جذاش مى مز سيت ار ظ ن كاذ 31 امقف مم ى زذ رىا اريسى 51 امظر رمصملأا منى اموىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 77 اممى ت ارياممظ ذاممش ج ممى حيممظ وممصذ اممأ هانمشأ امعأ حمطغ حماثر حساست حاثر عطقىا ع هاىا اطم اأ حاثر 2 - 5 مث طمىا ت حسئر حثىاس جذاش لامعر لا را ق 36 منى امام ممى ممزذ حيمم مست 51 ةممىاغىا ممف ممف اممأ ممم ت حاثر رياظى حيظ ونمشىا مرلأا ساغىا سىا عاق ثذ 5 إ ، حمسار ىا طم م اميى همظىا ذ رىا ا عاق عاقىا ط ت اا ااى اتاشذ لىا طممىا ممعىا ممساغىا ممسىا حمرممش مم طممف حمممسرفىا ءامممزفعىا 2:85 cgg خزمممذ ذإ ا ضا اف نى رصمأ يق وطافرت عاقىا ط ادف جرثنىا حيسىا خاذ حسئرىا حساغىا ذاشىا م معىا م مرلأا م مساغىا م مسىا م مف حم ميصر ممساغىا ممسىا أ مما ونممشت ه مم اطمم امى طمف طمىا معىا 2:85 امم جرمثم حمقي ميى أ ميى ا مقرىا صامثىا م ارمصم أ م ارىات حم مققي م منذ م مى خام مسىا طم م ام مت لاام مرا لم مىا مطاظر لاا ءلازمىا غميت عم حفش خاشيا ظممىعىا ممسىا حمرممش عرلأا مميى ممسق ممف تا يرىا طم م م مف طم مف طم مىا م مرلأا م مسىا حم ميث إ يت ط ا حسار ىا ذدمت عىا سىا حيث راثرىلاا رمم م أ حمم مطق مم مت حيمم مطافىا حفامم مسىا خ مم مرىا 3 ممسىا ممف اذ ممرىا ممرىا وممطافىا مم ررمميم ومطافذ رمظا مرلأا مسىا نى اأ عىا ةثمسىا يمي ةمىاغىا مف معىا سىا ار ى اميصذ بيمسأ معىا سىا سسر إافذرا ىإ ذ ئاراىا يى خ مرىا مرىا يىا ماقىا خا حمسار ىا طم ا مأ مأ منى اح سار ىا ط ف مسىا طئامرت معىا مسىا طئامر حمراق م امم حيطافىا حفاسىات ساثىا فرما رلأا 3 ايى م ورىا جرغط حيطافت را س ءارظإ إ مس امت امم منى رمصما وطافذ اى ر ذ أ ا ظ اقتا عرلأا ةممممارذ حمممساري ممم حمممسار ىا ممم إ تج ىاقىا راط حقيىا [4] عطق 2 عطق 3 عطق 4 ( مكش 3 ) : سطاغنا حسنا ي ب يىجنا حسناو ضسوا (cgg 1974) راىشو وشخاو ظاكنا بزجنا حسنا ةطساخ(شجىب 1984 عطامهن ) (1,2,3) كنا شسفتناو مه تنا : مف ةىامسلأا سمئارطىا يىا دي قى م مف ضام مرذ م مرىا حم م عىا ذام مشيى م منىا رم مسفرىا ت حيىا ى حيق ا ذاشىا وظف ىإ حا ثىا ف اقف ذاشيى يق ا را لاا وظف ذ حسار ىا ط خلاياممي igrf را مم ملاا ه مم مي باممس مم مذ ذإ امم مرثى اممقف مميق ا مميى بممسا ط igrf مم مذ ضما امف امأ ،دررلاا حنثش يى هظىا عمثرذ ميف حميق ا مى حمقثرىا ذاشىا وظف سئار عرلأا اممت حممظط مم حممسار ىا مم لأ امم ةمم مماررىا مم ميى زمم ممررىا رمم م مم مى جرمم مثم اممىلأ ت عرلأا طس حثرقىا رلأا ممساغىا م مسىا م مذ م مقى طمم م مف م م طىا لاعىا ذرثىا لاظ ا ارسات حسار ىا وميذ إ ،مساغىا هاعيى حينىا حثمرىا سق فميرا ساغىا هاعيى حينىا حيظىا رسفذ سممئار مم ي إ تحممييىا حممثمرىا رممسفذ ممىوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 78 خارممممم مشىا ممممم مف خير ممممم مرىا ممممم منىا رممممم مسفرىا حقتامسىا dobrin 1976, sharma1976 دمام ا مظىا م سمى حميى حمييىا حمثمرىات سمييرذ مساغىا هامعيى حمينىا حيظىا يى سثطذ أ وميرىا حمقر سثطذ اىا حسار ىا ط ف نى ررمسىا مىزىا downward continuation ا حمقرطىا طم سمثطرى ذامشىا ريامظ سى رى ىا مممىا حمممينىا حيمممظىا دمممى حمممييىا حمممثمر مىا بيمسأ ا ارسات reduction to the pole ; grant and west, 1965 ا ارممسا ممذ ذإ ،ا بممسا طاممرت signproc for window 1.56 عامقيى خامىا ومذ مذ حماغىا طمى ا حمشلاصىا 2 3 4 مذ حمييىا حمثمرىا مىا ا بيمممممسأ سمممممثطذ لمممممىذ ممممميت downward continuation خاميى أ اميى مقف يثت ا بم مسا طام مرت ا ارم مسات لم مىذ geomodel ver 1.3 cgr.j.cooper 1992 ج م طم ا ذإ ا هزىا 1ت3 بلامقلاا مف أ مثذ طمىا سيىا ىا م عمم مطقىا مم مفف ، حمم مثظىا جرامم مشلإى 3 حمم مرأ أ - سمى مىإ وطرىا ذ احثرىا 7 ام مى طمىا مم سممى ممنذ ممق ممرىا ذاممشيى ةثممسىا راممظىا راممط سممى لا لممىذ رمما أ ج ممىاقىا راممط ءاممزفعيى حممسرفىا حمرممشىا حممساري ممف ج ممىاقىا cgg1974 ت غاررذ 8 ىا م 9 م مف م عطقيى 2 سى ى ز هلأا بلاقلاا اف : مم ي طىا ج ىاقىا راط سى وشا لىطت ومثق cgg(1974 لم ميرى سم ميىا ام مت م مث طم مىا مت غارمر رامظىا 9 مىا : عمطقيى امأ ، مم 3 سمى مى ز م بلامقا هأ اف 9ت7 م مف مم ومثق خي رىا ج ىاقىا راط سى cgg (1974 تامم غارم مرذ دم مام : م مىا 21 طئاممر إ ت ذاممممشىا ممممى هوممممسىا راممممظىا سممممى مممم ذ ممس جرمطممىا حممساغىا طمم ممف د ارممسا اقتا ر مظ رامط سمى ميى لامىي افمطت حمسار ىا فظ يثت حظطىا حيى ف ذاشىا فاتو ذعبب ةضاشنا ةجزنا 2 - ;خاشانى رف ىا لانى وق عطق جرميم رمف م مرىا ءزمعىا عمطقىا اطم ومص هطت ئاقىا برق لانى رتت عق ىا 237 قى دمرظأ عمطقىا اطمى حمارىا ضذامىا م م يىا ;ا ظرلأا ضذاىا رمطس نى ، هلاا ضذمممممملاا ممممممف رممممممغرىا أ ممممممث ممممممرىا ونمش سئر ونشت ج ىاقىا راط حظىفر 5 ممف حمماثر حممساغ حممقطا زلاممش غرممرقا ذإ ا حم مساس رام مف م مى هلأا ام مطىا ارم مساس رام مف 101116 ا ممممم مممممف ا مممممى امممممصىا امممممطى – 101114 ى سىاصىا اطىاا 101118 مي اطم ا م ومقا حمساست لامرذ امصىا امطىا رامط أ ضذملاا إ امم ارذ رىا اييذ رىا راظىا تام غارمر رامظىا طمى اقى غررق 4 مىا مم 21 م ت [5] مكش - 4 ح ىهع ذتع يزنا لووا ضاشنا جرىوا ةسئس ةشخص ةمطا ثلاثن ةابتي ةسطاغي ةساس 3 - حرا أ ىا خاشانى رف عطق ; مف امثرىا عم امقفأ ج مرىا حمقطلاا جرنف خ رىا ر طسىا هلأا اطىا ، ونشىا لسىا غارر سى ىا طسىا 8 ونمش م - 6 ومص ا رىا حمص ىا جاىا حثق راط م ءزمظ حطمس ار مق حمساغ حمساس رامف ى ح قىا جاىاوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 79 1ت1113 فمظر مى لمسىا مف رغرت لار ا ثمش ام ونشى ا ونشت عطقىا حا عطقىا حمساسىات رامف ى اصىا اطىا ، ثسرذ ع ر ق حساغىا 1ت1118 سمى م ر ا 5ت6 حماغى مم 21 رقذ مم رامط لىطمت ومص م امث غرمرق ذإ ج مىاقىا رامط مىا حم قىا جامىا حمثق ج مىاقىا رامط مف خاميفذر خامفا يظ ونممش 5 حممساس راممفت سممىاصىا اممطىا ممي ممش ا ر ممق حممساغ 1ت1113 وممظ سمميى ممر ا ىا 32 اييىا جرشقىا ت وطافىا ىا اثرقذ م مطىا مش يفمسىا سميى مر طمىا عمتارىا ا 41 مم ار مممق حمممساس رامممفت مممنى 1ت1112 أ أ ا مممف رشوممم مممى مممس يمممظ مممى ممم يمممظ تضذمملاا حمملاارا سممني حماممسىا ممف راممغرىا حممممساسىا ممممف اممممفلار ا ةثممممسذ حممممقى إ ممممط تحساغىا لمىا ا وميىا اطم مف علا ام غىا حمساسىا ف افلار ا جرمشقىا رامظى حمسا سمى ىا يفسىا 41 ميثىامت حميصر امثرقذ مم طممم ا ممميى ه ممم مممق اطممم ت ارمممسلاا ممملاا ارىات حساغىا صااىا غيت ليرذ راظىا تاثمس رثنىا اقى مق امم امثرىا اطم ا امم معلرثىا حمساري مف رممذ al-barazanji et.al 1993 ممس بممعى ا لارمم ا لممىا ا رمممذ ذإ ار سامىا مى حمثرىا عم حراامط ف اا تىاشى حيقاىا 4 - حثرىا ىإ حرأ أ عطق ; م م م مىطت ي م م عم مطقىا اطم م 51 م مقف م مم حمثرىا رمش حاغى حرأ أ ر – سمرطىا حمقطلاا ا مث مرىا ضذملاا اطم مف مقىا رثىا نمممش حمممقفلأا و - 7 رامممط هلأا امممطىا ومممص ا ا ممظ حفيمم حممساس راممفت 1ت11113 اممطىا حساس رافت اى اصىا 1ت1116 امطىا م ف ا ممظ فيمم حممساس راممف اممى عممتارىا سممىاصىا 1ت11113 - 1ت11114 امممممطىا مممممر اطممممم ا سيى عتارىا 41 حفيم حطغ ا غررق ا أ م جرم مشقىا راممظى ا م مظ اطمم ممف ستام مطرىا إ يفممسىا سمني ضذملاا اطم منى ا مظ من مى ضذملاا رممثم ونممشت رش ممر ج ممىاقىا راممظى حممظىفر م مف هزم م ييم مط دثثم مس م مرىا حم مقيىا إ م مظىات رامممط سمممى إ اممميى ج مممىاقىا ارامممط طمممس ت غارر ا ى ا ج ىاقىا 6 ىا م 8 ونشىات م ىا ع ع شار طىا غميت ف ءاظ ا حثر طئاممممر ممممى فمممميرا حممممنى حقتاممممسىا خاممممسار ىا cgg,1974 اطمممم حممممراق دممممذ ممممقى اطمممم ا مم مى مم منى مم مذلاا ونمم مشىا رظمم مت ذامم مشت ضذمم ملاا ت ستامممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممم مطذ وممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممظ مكش – 5 ةضس وا ىنا اشاكع قشفي ي اثنا ضاشنا جرىواوىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 7: مكش – 6 ضس وا ي جناثنا ضاشنا جرىوا ةبطشنا قشش ىنا ة : ةشلانا حمساغ مقطا ومصذ حمارىا ضذامىا ا ممىإ اممثرىا ةثممس يممي ممق حمماثر حممساس اممى وئامممسىا أ حامممسىا خارمممسنرىا أ حراامممظىا طم ،رارمىا را ملاا ه م مي مر أ جيمظىا م مف ام مثرىا م مى ام مأ حىوم مس م منذ م مق باثم مسلأا اصنىا ا ظ اقتاطذ حتطعىا حارىا ضذاىا ثذ ذإ حف أ مم مثىا اطمم م مم ميى يامم مرىلاا مم مى [6] إ مم مث امم ممت رامط م حمترغىا ءارمظىا مف ج ىاقىا راط حمقفارر منذ مق حمتا همذ حمظري خاذ حىر ممظذ راممظىا طمم ممف حممرارم اممسظأ عمم عامأ مف دثمسرذ مرىا رثاممارفلاا رامط ر رمش هاش را ح ت جرش – بمظ بمظ خاميفذر امت ومظفذ برما horsts حمترعذ إ ت مما ممىا غممت رممشذ جي مم ءازممظلا حممظطىا رامط منذ إ م متلا ستامطرىا ميى همظيى ايم مظفذ خامميت لمىا ا حمساعر رما ج مىاقىا يايزمم تممسرىا ءاممطغىا لممس إت حممقى إ ممط ىا هم ميى غارمر ذإ عمطقىا حما امعذات رامس مت تمسرىا ءامطغىا لمس م 10-6 ميى مم هم ميى حمرلأا جرمشقىا إ امم عمطقىا هم تيفس سق يى سق سق ىإ حسق راسىا وميظ حمشلاش عامق مىإ رامسىا عمطقذ إ حطثرمسىا ضذامىا هلام م حمقي رمصما خامييىا مس مف ض لأامت ونمش ; حمسار ىا حمقط 6 ا مممىا ا مم مرثىا ةمم مقىا ذامممرفىا جرمم مينىا مم منذ عمممطقىا امممعذات أ بمممعىا 2 خامممنذ فمممشنرذ ارممم رل مممنرت حممميص ممميىلأا مممساررىا مسلأا ر مىا مىإ ج ئايىا خانرىا ا ظيىا [7] ، رم ، طمى ، خاسىا خانرت حيص مف فمشنرذ ا حعيى أ حقرمشىا حمتعىا ءازمظلأا عممممطقىا اممممعذات 4 ممممىإ ج ممممئايىا خاممممنرىا إ ذإ حمترغىا حمتعىا ءازمظلأا مف فمشنرذ رمشاثطىا يمسىا ، حثرىا خانرت حيص حقطىا هامشىا اعذات اآ ت ا حم ىا ، خاراطىا ، حشراىا ، عطقىا أ 3 ىإ ج ئايىا خانرىاف ا س مىا ر مى امعذات فمشنرذ رىا ىاترىا ةقىا خانرت حيص رمظى خامنرت حميص ةمقايرىات جرينىا هاشىا سلاا – ي ا ا ىا ، وعىا ، حميرىا انذ ، مسىا مش ، امتات مسنىلاا رمظى خامنذ فمشنرذ حرسىا ي ىا اعذا ىا ا يارش ، ملا ظى خانذ راما خانذ ساىا ر / خارمف م مسلاثىا لىطم مم ا حم ميا قىا ، حم ماعا ، حم مرفىا ، حفام مإ ةم مقايرىات ا حم مثت ىا جرم مزىا م منرت حم ميص ممىإ رممشاثطىا مم حطممست خافممشنذ رممظ ممىإ طئامم مر امم مف ارمم م ا جرمم مينىا حمم مقط مم م هامم مشىا حممرلأا حممساغىا ذاممشيى حممارىا حممظطىا قذ رمثم ونشت جرش ر حسار ىا حقط حرنذ إ غرر سمىا أ ج مىاقىا رامط مىإ وظذ حقى إ ظت ات ظذ خاميت سي يى إ ظىا ط ديى ذإ مرىا حرنرىا خامرىا ط نذ ق حثس خامر ممم حقتامممسىا حمممظىعىا رمممظيىا هلاممم دممموىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 81 ترغىا ءارظىا حقط حرنذ ى حىوسىا ح اطمم ا حطممسىا دممذ حطممسىا اممثمارذ ممش حمساري ف خير رىا طئاريى اقتاط ءاظ ضاررسلاا امتات (baban, 2000) [8] سمفذ tawfiq, 2000 ا [9] حمىازىزىا عامقىا امف د ارسا رىا خاماصىا مف طمف طمىا مىازىزىا مسىا هامىلا اممثىا لاممم اممق ذإ خايممسرىا حممعىاي جياممىدت ص يمممظ مم مىإ لامم مطذ حمم مىازىزىا خامم ماثىا رمم مسفذ ةممماررىا حممرنرىا اممف ممش مم حممقى إ ممط حممرىا امنذ حمسار ىا حمقط مف حطسىا دذ ت إ ظىا ط يى اجاتتسوا : 1 . مممم مسىا طئامممم مر إ حمممم مىاىا حمممم مسار ىا مممم مثذ رامسيى ؤارظإ ذ طىا رلأا ساغىا ا طئامر ومشاذ حمثرىا مىإ لامنى م ميق ممت دمماق طممىا ممعىا ممساغىا ممسىا حسرفىا ءازفعىا حمرش (1974 cgg) خاذ منذ مرىا حمسئرىا ذامشىا ذإ م لمىذ رثما حيس 50 م . 2 . ذامش مرلأا ساغىا سىا طئار ثذ م مف رم م ذ م مى جي م م حيم مس خاذ حم مساغ مسىا طئامر إامفذرلاا رمف إ اميى معىا طمم ءاممفر ا ممى لاوممس ممن إ ممنلا مم مىإ لمم مىذ ةثمم مس يممي امم متر مم منى ذاممشىا سمماثىا ا ارممسا آ ئارمماىا ممسر بيممسأ ئارم ماى c.g.g. ممي م مسر مام مق خاذ وطافرىا ر ذ لا رىا ت 3 . مرلأا مساغىا مسىا طئامر خرمظأ حممظطىا مم ميق ا راممسيى إ حمم مساغىا حمم مقط مم مف يايزمم م تمم مسرىا ءامم مطغىا لمم مس جرينىا ( حسار ىا حقط س ) نمس ومظ ت 6-10 م . 4 . خامممييىا فمم مظ مم ميثت حمم مظطىا مم مموذ حسار ىا حقط ى ا ى جرفارىا حظىعىا سرامممم مذ حراممممظىا خامممم منرىا ذإ مممم جرثنىا إ ظىا يظ م ذ ج ىاقىا راط رىا مرىا ارمييى حرنرىا حرااىا ف دت جرمشقىا امىأ مىإ مرذ خاميت ي وصذ يفسىا . 5 . حممساسىا لارمم ا ا حممسار ىا طمم غرممرقذ يممي لا ممق حممررقىا خاممميثيى حم مساغىا خافمظىا مىإ اما حراامظىا ف اثرىا ىإ خارمسنرىا حامسىا ومص ر لأا حازفىا ه ي أ رارىا را لاا . 6 . يم مظى لاام مرا لمىا إ حم مسار ىا طم م مثذ سميت عرلأا امت رامظى حفيم حطغ مى مز 18 يفمسىا جرمشقىا رامظى أ مم ست حساري ىإ ضار رلأا اط ا ت : سداانا 1. barazangi, m., seber, d., chaimov, t., best,j., liatak, r. al-saad, d., and al-sawaf, t. 1993, tectonic evolution of the northern arabian plate in western syria. in: boshi et. al. (eds): recent evolution and seismicity of the mediterranean region, 117-193. 2. chapman r.e. 2002. physics for geologists, second edition published by routledge taylor. 3. cgg 1974, aeromagnetic and aerospctrometeric survey and interpretation report, nomoc, dggsm library. 4. geomodel version 2.01 (g.r.j. cooper, 2000), department of geophysics university of witwatersrand johannesburg, south africa.25(11):64-69. 5. geomodel 2004 combined magnetic and gravity modeling version 1.3.o.r.j. cooper 3115.126(18):13-26. 6. kearey, p, brook ,m. and hill,i 2002 an introduction to geophysical exploration . 7. lanza r. and meloni a. 2006 the earth’s magnetism, an introduction for geologists. 8. baban, e. n.2000, geophysical study of selected regional lines in the western desert of iraq, ph.d. thesis, univ. of baghdad ت 9. tawfiq, a. n. 2000, study of geophsical evidences to define properties of paleozoic and basement western desert-iraq. ph.d thesis, univ. of bafghdad.وىهعهن داذغب ةهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 82 land magnetic survey along a profile from akaz to rutba town and its applications dhiya aldin a. al-mashikye* basim r. hajib* *college of science / university of baghdad abstract: a land magnetic survey was carried out along regional profile, which is located at the north part of the iraqi western desert. it starts from al –qaam city (at north) toward rutba city (at south) with a total length of 238km. the survey was carried out along the paved road between the two cities, about 113 measuring points were done with inter-station distance of 2 km (for 198 km) and 2 to 5km (for 40km). two proton magnetometers were used in this survey. one of them is used for base station monitoring, which was fixed as of salah aldin field (akkas). its readings were used for diurnal corrections. all magnetic measurements were corrected for normal and topographic corrections. the readings were reduced to a certain base level. the resulted magnetic anomalies show a good correlation with those of arial - magnetic survey anomalies conducted by (c.g.g, 1974). this is true for those anomalies with wavelength more than 50km. while the land magnetic survey has shown more small anomalies which may reflect near surface sources. in addition, there is a considerable difference between the magnetic intensity values of both surveys. the downward continuation method was used in this study for detecting the depth of magnetic anomaly source. but before applying this method the total magnetic field was converted to its vertical component using computer program packages. the 2.5 mathematical modeling techniques were used for interpreting magnetic anomaly. several models were suggested according to the geological and geophysical surface and subsurface data. these models clearly suggest that the tectonic of the studied area may be completely affected by deep faults that could reach the basements or even cut it. these faults resulted in tectonic blocks with relative movements that could happen through the geological time, and they may be responsible for the tectonic features of the western desert. these faults could also responsible for the lateral and vertical variations that are noticed in subsurface rocks of the studied area. the subsurface lateral susceptibility variation between the different blocks could result from the variation in physical parameter of the rocks (like porosity, fracture density…) and there is a possibility that rocks beneath 18km (lower crust) still possess some magnetic properties.وىههن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 72 تيسىطنا ثلاىحخنا تساسد ايسيغيو اييىنا غي يقاشنا جياىخبهن ثافاضا اهفصىب تينا ةساشح ثاجسد يف شهاظنا اضشنا ذب قساط * ةسا سس ذب مضاف ** يذهي ىشاه يزش * شجا لازعا 22 ، بجش ، 2010 ششا يجل 20 ، بجش ، 2011 تصلاخنا : أ لاشا ذ٠بزجا زعأ عبع ب د١ ١ر ر. ب١غ١غا ب١لأا دبفبأ غ خ١ى١اش١ع طرب غ ذ٠بزج خ١ذا خ٠سطا داش١غزا خثبز خفشغا حساش خعسد ف خ١لأا دا ١غا عبشا دبعسد ا حساشا 1000 1100 1200 1250 ئ , ا ا ر ا ش١شر بأث ذع خجغث ذ٠لا 39.18 دلاثزعشو % 60.82 .% . دش ١ص تغث خ١ى١اش١غا طربا خ ذ هر ش١صأر شظ خفزخ ا ب٠ساش بزب 1000 1100 1200 1300 خ٠ئ خعسد . را تغ دار طربا غث ذظر للاا دبفبلاا 15 ا با ب١غ١غا ب١لأا ى % دشمزعا زا طرب ذبىف تغ دبفبلأا شضولاا 15 .% ب ١غا عبشا د١ ١ر هر ظىا را ،ذ٠بصسلأا، ذ٠اش٠دسىا ساأ سجر ذجصا ذ٠لاا شظ .ذ٠بزغا ذ٠لاثزعشىا، ذ٠بصسلأا ا فطث خجغ 87.53 داش٠دسىا % 77.35 ذ٠بزغا % 62.55 غ ذ٠بزجا يبزعا خ١بىأ ذ٠ ذوؤ٠ طربا ف خ٠ساشا دبا سظ أ. % . خ١با حساش خ١ى١اش١غا دببظا ف دبفبلأا هر نا ثاهك نا تيساشحنا دانا،تيسىطنا ثاشيغخنا،يقاشنا جياىخبنا :تيحاخف تيذقنا : صبخ ع عا ،ذ٠بزجا ١طا ىز٠ ذئبغا ذا ذ٠بزىغا دب عبعأ ىشث خغ١ز ذ٠بزجا ىز٠ .ذ٠ب٠سزا دب١ا بعبعأ زا بوشجا طبعض خ٠ش٠زا يلاا خ١بىا غ خ١ئبا ١لاا دبى١١ع ١غ١غا .١لأا ذ٠ذا لاف ا شطبا دع خ٠ما شطبا خ٠م خ١سلأا خاذا ج١وشر .[3-1] جش١ف ج١وشر با زمج ١ف ئبفظا ب زعدض ب بثس خئ١ خمج ب١ث غظر بى١١غ علاا (( oh ) al / mg علأا خ١بضا ) octahedral ١لأا ٠أ ا .حذا خ١فط ىز هر al 3 ف خمج ا خ١بص ٠أث اذجزعا ى٠ علأ ئبص ١غ١غا ذ١غوأ ض mg 2 از ضغ تجغ٠ ياذجزعلاا ا خغ١ز خجعا خشا ف ا ىر هز ph طغا خش ذز ش١غ ذ٠ب٠سزا ئبفط ا ٠ از . خجبغا خجعا دب٠لاا خمجطث غجا بث ظفر [4] بو ) دبمجطا ١ث ياذجزعلا خبخ دب٠ا( ( ىشبث 1 ) . (مكش 1 يخنا جياىهيسىخىـي تحيفص حضىي:) تياثو تيابس ثاكيهيس ثاقبط ي ىكخح al/mgo(oh) اهضب غي ثاقبطنا مصخحو، لاذبخسلان تهباقنا تبجىنا ثاىيلأا ي تقبطب [4] ا خشا صار خجعا دب٠لأا خ١جغأ طغا خجبغا را ـئبفظا ترشزر ."ب١ى١ربزعشزىا ا خ١ئب١١ىا زغ١ط ب ف ca,na,k)(al,mg,fe 3 )(si,al) 4o10 (oh2 ).nh2o ) را د ربمج ١ث ءبا صاضزا سدبل ج١وشر ا ذ٠ از بفزا سذ٠ هز ششا فا ث عبغرلاا خعسد ذزر .بغرلأا ذا خى١جش غل حأ١ا دبلأا تعا ٠لاا را ، ذ٠ هر ببغرأ شضوأ لا دبمجطا ١ث شفبر حل * داذغث خبع/ ض١ا ثا خ١ثشزا خ١و/ ءب٠ض١فا غل / قاشا ** /ءب٠ض١فا غل / خ٠شظزغا خبغاوىههن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 73 بؤ١ر خعسد زا خشا حش١جىا خجعا دب٠لاا لأا ،١زغ إ ذ٠بزجا غم٠ هز. لا لإا خ١ثبما ب غ غغز١ ش١جو ىشث صاضز 15 مث حش ى٠ بذ طلأا غ سذ بفبع حساش خعسذ ءببث بظبفزبث ض١زر ، cº(205) بأ .خ١ب ساشمزعا خ١طبخ ب ءبا صاضزأ خ١ثبما بف خ١بضا خغا طسذر ١زغا ١رب ف دذ ىشث ب١لأ شخلأا غ١بغا ذ٠بزجا [5] . خذمز خ١ى١اش١ع دا دبج١ج ثس ف زغ٠ ٠ذجر خ١طبخ ادبزأ ى١١غا ذ١ثسبو ض رب١غع ٠أر طبعلأا [6] توش ش١زث . يبزعبث تظا يا بفر ف ذ٠اسدسىا خ١لاش خ١ ب١أ [7] داش خفبإ ى٠. ا ذ٠بزجا قغ ض داش١جا إ ٠ىز ذ١٠شوا بض١ ١ض جا ١ثشث جا غر ع خفزخ خ١ج١ج بغأث دبجوش ذ٠بزجا خجغ حدب٠ص غ خ١ى١بى١ا صاخا خ٠ساشا خ٠ساشمزعلأا هزو [ 8] . ث ب تغ ضبجا قشطز٠ ذ٠بزجا ١ خغب ا دا خفبأث ب١لاا ض خ٠ساش خ١ى١اش١ع فذر هز . ب١غ١غا خ١بىأ ا خعاسذا ز يبزعأ ذ٠بزجا بعبعا فطث خفبا غ يظ خفزخ تغث ب١غ١غا ب١لأا أ خ٠ساش خبم إ دؤر دب ساأ ذ٠بزجا سبظا خعسد غف . لازا خعاسد د "لاط حساشا خعسد ش١غز خجبظا خ٠سطا ا 1300 خ٠ئ خعسد . لمعلا قئا رطو دا وملا : لاو خ١لأاداا ر يبزعأث داشفا بزثشغ ذر خ١١عسث داشو دار خط صبع يبزعبث retsch خوششا خث بغف mesh no: 500 زجا ١طث بأذث .ذ٠ب را ١زا ذث لاشا ذ٠بزجا ١ زعا خ٠ئا تغا أ را ئب١١ىا : ربى sio2 %54.6 , fe2o3 %4.82, al2o3 %14.93 , tio2 %0.69 , cao 6.06%, mgo %3.5 , so3 %1.02 , na2o %1.22 , k2o %0.51 , l.o.i %10. 72 and 1.93% تئاش ج١وشر بأ ١ يلاذزعلاا ر ذمف ذا ١غا عبشا د١ خ١مر يبزعأث صبع siemens x-ray diffraction unit model ٠ cu-kα line λ1.54060 å ذغث kv40 س ب١ر ma 30 بدض٠ ظبشجث ضغ. ١غا عبشا د١ دبب١جث طرلاا داطخث º 0.05 غ خشغث º5 . خم١لد ى ( ىشا رأ 2 ذ٠ب٠سزـا أ ) ذ ذئبغا 15.857ǻ d ذ٠بىعسجا ١٠ d10.2885 ضرساىا ǻ 3.4455 d سبجعذفا ǻ d3.2527 ذ٠بغىا دبغجغا ص بزسبم ذ هر ث دبف astm ا حسبشا ز بزث ذ٠ ca- . ض١غر ر ذمف ب١غ١غا ب١لاا با خوشش ١ردبا fluka حبمث 99.99 % ج١ج طبمث mμ ( 10-30 د١ زعا ) ر خشلاا ١غا عبشا غ كثبطز ءاشا ذ ف١ظر . دبطخا غ١بغ ىز طخ ى خ٠ئا تغبث خ١ى١اش١غا بربى ( يذغبث خ 1 ) . (لوذج 1 ) : يبي ثاىكنا بس غي ثاطهخنا صىيس b a mgo % bentonite % تطهخنا ضيس al 2o3 % bentonite % تطهخنا ضيس 5 95 b1 5 95 a1 10 90 b2 10 90 a2 15 85 b3 15 85 a3 20 80 b4 20 80 a4 25 75 b5 25 75 a5 d c mgo % al 2o3 % mgo % al 2o3 % mgo % al 2o3 % mgo % al 2o3 % 10 10 80 d1 5 5 90 c1 10 15 75 d2 5 10 85 c2 10 20 70 d3 5 15 80 c3 10 25 65 d4 5 20 75 c4 5 25 70 c5 خ ر خ١لأا دا خ١صا تغا خئ١ر ذث ا ساشا( تشا خا خم٠شطث دا ) هر تطز٠ خ١ل ج ph حدبا غ ص شطما ءب خطثاشا pva) بساذم خ١ص خجغث) 1 % ى اذخزعبث شطما ءبا شز magnetic stirrer حساش خعسذث بع فظ حذ نشر (80ºc) يظا ر بذث شغ ي تعاس أ يبخ غب فب٠ ص . hclوىههن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 74 ١ ساذمث ضوشا ي يظ ر ب (ph3) لأا ذف١ا هر ذث ب١ خبع فظ حذ طضزر ذوشر ف١أ ص ، خ١ دشزعا شخلأا دبىا ذ٠بزجا طضا (8-9) دببع فأ يظ دبطخ ى ظبغر ظ٠ض يظا ذث . حساش خعسذث ففع ،ف١ضو (70ºc) ضخز ب٠ذ٠ ذ١زفزا خ١ ذ٠شعأ ص ئبا يا ١ىشر ر . ةطا طبعلأا ظ٠ضا يظ بو دب١ا ءبع شور ( يذغا ف 1 خم٠شطث ) خئشبا خ١بغا ١مز هر فبغا جش ظجىا ى١اش١غا غغا ءبا طشخ ف خ١ ءبصأ قشا . را صث ظ٠ض زخأ ر (6g) خطخ و ع ى١سذ١ ظجىث بغجو (rinlng) ض١ىا حدب تبل يبزعأث أشا steel) (stainless شطمث (25mm) بساذم حم (5mpa) ظجو ص (5min) ى دب١ ذع ذىش . .ب١ دبطفا ءاشعلإ خطخ و طرأ شف يبزعأث ضغا ب٠ساش دبعجىا خب و ع ئبثش (carbolite) غا غا ذ حساشا خعسد دظ ص يذث دب١زلأا (5ºc/min) ذث خش و ف اش غثسأث ١ا ا خاد دشجز طربا نشزر شفا ءبفأ بو بضا رأ٠ : (100ºc) طربا ذ١مث فس بضا ١ا ف ١زبع حذ بذ خعسد ذ ا حساشا (450ºc) حذ خعسذا ز ذ ذ١مث حساش خعسد ذفس شبضا ١ا ف دببع غثسأ ا (700ºc) ١ا ف با دببع سلاص حذ غثاشا ف و إ شفا حساش خعسد غفس ز خثطا خ٠ساشا خبا دبعسد cº1000, 1100, 1200, 1250 , 1300 ا ر ١زبع حذ دبعسذا ز و ف دب١ا ذ١مث ١٠ زا ١ نشزر شفا ءبفا ذث . بذزا خم٠شطا ز بب بفطث حدبا ضخز داصبغ بغا خ٠ا داا خطثاشا حسظث طشخبث قشا خ١ ءاشع حسشزا ظر ذل زا دبشزا ١مز خئ١طث دب١ خ١ يلاخ خبا خ٠ساشا . ذخزعأ شغا ئا ع nikon ecliipse me600 with digital camera dxm1200f .بطع دب١ا ش٠ظز تشقاناو جئاخنا : خعاسذ طربا سب١زخا ر خ٠ساشا خبا ذث ئبب با شبب بغا بب بف ذبب با تبب ب١وشزا دببب١ ١غا عبشا . ا تيشصبنا تساسذن ببجا بب بب فبب١ بب يببظ ا ببر هبر كببغا غبغفجا ا ربفا خببا يلابخ ١بببطث خبببضزا ) صاشبببللأا ( طربببب خببب٠ساشا ( ذبببب٠بزجا د طربببببا غ١بببببغ )دبفبببببا a,b,c,d حساش دبعسذ 1000,1100,1200, 1250,1300 º c خبعسد بو ذب بذب١جر حذب 2hr . حساش خعسذث ذ١جزا خ١ يبوإ ذث cº ( 1300 - 1250 بأ دظا دب١ا غث ذشف ) ( خ١با حساشا خعسد 1300ºc زا دبطخ ) ١ث ب١ف دبفبلإا ساذم اشر (5-15) % را ث دبشزا بفزلاا دب١ا ز ذب ب ىشا ف بو دشظا .(2a) زا دب١ا بأ دذط ف حساش خعسذث ذ١جزا خ١ ءبصأ cº ( 1300 ) زا بو اشزر ب١ف دبفبلإا ساذم % (20-25) ى١اش١ع غع يظا ر ذمف حساش خعسد ز٠ cº ( (1200 . هر ىر وا ذ٠بزجا دبى خغ١ز ا ف١طا ذ١عب ئب١١ىا ١زا ف ب١إ حسبشلإا ذر بو ) ءضغا ا ( را ذ٠ذا ذ١غوا ٠ اشظ فطث عا غغفجا ا شلاا ا ءبطا ف قشا فشظ ادبزا جا ا شا شر ب هر خظلا ى٠ ذغوأزا رب طغ خ٠شغا خ١فاشغرفا سظا ١ ط ش١غز خجبظا ذ٠بزجا ف حساشا خعسد ىشا b) (2 حشا طربا غ١بغ إ بإ . هر د٠ غئبشا شفطلأا إ جا ا بىف داشظ بفر خغرب خ١ذ ساأ ىز ( ١غبىا ذ١غوا ذ٠ذا ذـ١غوا و غ٠ غا ) غ١ثلأا ا ءبطئث حساش خعسد ذ بى١١ قشـ cº 1100 – 1250 ذ بأ . cº1300 أف ا ا طربا طغ ذئبغا ج a4 , a5, b4, b5 ى طبطشا ا . d2 ,d3, c5 ىشا عش٠ 2c) ( ) 2d سط ) ا ش١غزا كفاشر زا الأ خ٠شغ خ١فاشغرف و طغ حساشا دبعسذث ,b5 d3 ازا . سب١زخا ر ازا ب خعاسد ادبزا غث خ١ئب٠ض١فا ضئبظخا . ف داش١غزا إ ع ىر حشا طرب خجغبث الأا ى خىا خ١لأا داا خ١ذ داش١غر طرأ را ث ١ذ دلابفر هب ش٠ر حءب ساأ ١ىشر إ دؤر ع ذف حذ٠ذ cº(700) ءب اذمف ا طغا بغا ءبا شخجز٠ سجا ءبج اسب١ا تجغ٠ سجزا ر هر غجز٠ خ٠ش١غا داا شضوا حساشا خعسد حدب٠ص ذ . cº(700) ذجر ذ١جزا ظبشث أ دب٠ حءبجا دلابفزا س ىر دب١غغا ذ١جر طبعضا دبعسذث طربا سبجزخلاا ر از ، حساش (700-1000)]ºc (700-1100) (700-1200) - (700 (700-1250) [ (700-1300) سالأا غث ىـشز هر ٠ذغا خ١ـذا ذ ح .وىههن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 75 (a) (b) (c) (d) (مكش 2 ) : تيشهجيو تيفاشغىحىف سىص (a) تهىشنا جرانا (b) ذ جياىخبنا يط حطسو جران c º 1000) و 1100 و 1200 و 1250 (c) جرىلأا b5 ( d) جرىلأا d3 ييسنا عاشنا دىيح جياىخبنا يط ىشا ١ج٠ ) 3 دبى ذـا ١ـزا ) )١غا عبشا د١ث ضزا( ذ٠بزجا ١ خ٠ساشا خـبــا ا خفشغا حساش خعسد (1000.1100.1200.1250)ºc . ى٠ ذئبغا ذ٠ب٠سزا حساش خعسد ف ذ٠بغىا ص ضرساىا ذ٠بىعسجا ١٠ خفشغا ةبغ ر.سبجعذفا خ١ل خجغ ذ٠بغجغا ذ ظبشث اذخزعأث طرأ و دبى تغ ش١شر زا ما ذر خبغا ةبغ سطا ا ف بأ . س و دبى خجغ طسذ بذث ظربا با حساشا دبعسد خ١ دشظف خغربا سالأا حساش خعسذث با ذ٠بزجا ١ طرلأ cº ( 1000 ) ذ٠لاجزعشىا % ( 57.78 ) ذ٠لاا % ( 33,48 ضرساو ) % ( 8,74 ) . بأ با طرلأا غف ذ cº ( 1100 ءب بىف ) ا ذ٠لاجزعشىا س % ( 68.89 ةبغ ) لاا و تغث بظما ذ٠ % ( 22.13 ) ضرساىا % ( 2.54 ٠بجغا س شظ ) خجغث % ( 6.44 ) ، ف زب ذ cº ( 1200 ) خجغث ذ٠لاا س بو % ( 66.74 ) ذ٠لاجزعشىا % ( 27.37 ( ضرساو ) 5.59 ) % . ذ٠لاا ا ئب ىشث ذ٠بزجا ١ ير % ( 39.18 ذ٠لاجزعشو ) % ( 60.28 ذ ) cº ( 1250 ) . ساأ ش١غر ظئبز غ كفز٠ از حساشا دبعسد ذ ذ٠ب٠سزا cº ( 950 - 1200 بز١ث ا سجا سطا شظ٠ ش١ ) - بز١ث ا تم٠ ص ضرساو - ىر. ذ٠لاثزعشو ذ ١غا عبشا د١ ف١ ف حذش ظأ cº 1200 خعسد حدب٠ص ذ ب١غ٠سذر ءبفزخلأبث ءذج٠ ص .حساشا ذ٠لاا س سجز٠ شخأ طرب ف 1000º 1100ºc 1200ºc 1250º c 1300ºcوىههن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 76 ف ذ١غولأا طز خغ١ز ىز٠( )ضرساىا غ ب١لأا بفر ذ٠ب٠سزا سب١ا ذث ئبا ظربا ب ذ٠لاثزعشىا غ طرلاا [9] (مكش 3 دىيح ) جياىخبنا يطن ييسنا عاشنا ا ةساشح تجسد يف و تفشغن (1000,1100,1200 ,1250)ºc ذ تهيانا جرانا cº1250 (ىشا عش٠ 4 بغعلأ ذا ١زا ) غ ذ٠بزجا ١ حشا خ١ى١اش١غا حساش دبعسذث خبا دبفبلإا cº1250 . را طرب ١غا عبشا د١ دبططخ ٠ a2 d2 d3 a1 ع ساأ سظ حذ٠ذ ذ٠بصسلأا ذ٠اسدسىا ١غبى خغ١ز ( )ذ٠بزث لاف ذ٠لاجزعشىا ذ٠لاا ذ٠بزغا [15-10] بو رأ٠ : ١عرلأ a1 a2 سجر بو س ذ٠اسدسىا سالأا خ١مث تبغا ذ٠لاا( طرلأا ف زجغ ذبو )ذ٠بصسلأا a1 بغر ( 71.66 طرلأا ف بأ .% ) a2 بغزف ( 73.22 ف هر بو .% ) طرلاا a2 تجغث ساذمث ب١لأا حدب٠ص 5 ف ب% a1 بظم ساذمث ذ٠بصسلأا ف 18 ف زجغ % a1 . بعرلأا با d3 d2 س سظث اض١ر سالأا إ خفبلإبث طبعأ سطو ذ٠بصسلأا زجغ ذغث شخلأا ( 69.14 طرلأ % ) d2 ( 87.53 طرلأ % ) d3 ظرب هر. ذ٠لاثزعشىا ذ٠لاا ذ٠بزجا ى بفر أ .خ١با حساشا ذ دبفبلأا ف حدب٠ضا غ ساأ ير إ ددأ دبفبلإا طرلاا d2 ا .داش٠دسىا ذ٠بصسلأا ب مف ٠س (مكش 4 ييسنا عاشنا دىيح ثاططخي ) جراهن a2 ,a1 , d3 , d2 ذ cº1250 ذ جرانا ºc 1300 حساش خعسذ خبا طربا 1300 ص طبا hr ) 2 ) (ىشا ب٠ 5 :ا ) بعرلاا b4 b5 ساذمث بفزخ٠ 5 ب١غ١غ % را ف بزجغ b5 % 25 ف با b4 20 % . اس شظ ١غا عبشا د١ ف١ طرلا b4 خجغث ذ٠بزغا ب 62.55 % خجغث ذ٠اسدسىا 37.45 لا بأ % طر b5 ذ٠بصسلأا ساأ خثسا ذبىف 44.75 % داش٠دسىا 31.65 ذ٠لاا % 12.36 % ذ٠بزعا 11.24 .% لا بأ ١عر c4 c5 ف سىا ا رب داش٠د ذئبغا 77.35 ف% c4 اخجغبث c5 53.37 فزخ٠ % عرلاا خفبا خجغث ب ب١لأا را ساذمث بزجغ ذ٠ضر 5 ف ١ ب % c4 ساذمث ب١غ١غا خفبا دجص غ 5 ا .% ساا c5 ذ٠بزغا س سظث دض١ر ساذمث 25.47 ١ ب % ا ف ساا c4 ا ىر ازث. ذ٠بزغا سا .ذ٠بصسلأا ذ٠لاا ذ٠اسدسىا لا خجغبث با ١عر d2 d3 ف حدب٠ضث بفزخ١ 5 ف ب١لأا خجغ% d3 ف ١ ب d2 خزثبص ب١غ١غا خجغ با 9.1 ساذم ا ٠ از % لا خجغبث ذ٠بزج خفبلأا طر d2 22.07 ا ١جر % ذ٠بصسلأا ا ىش خجغث ذئبغا 83.68 ذ٠٢ا ١٠ % 11,62 % داش٠دسىا 4.69 ا خجغبث بأ .% d3 خجغف ذ٠بزج خفبلأا 27.2 خىزا سالأا %وىههن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 77 خجغث دشىث 75 ذ٠ بصسلأا ١٠ داش٠دسىا % عشىا ز .ذ٠لاا ص ذ٠لاث كش (م 5 ) : ييسنا عاشنا دىيح ثاططخي جراهن b4,b5,c4,c5,d2,d3 ذ cº1300 جرىلأا d2 ذ cº1250 و cº 1300 ( ىشا 6 ) ١ج٠ ذئبغا ذ٠بصسلأا ا ث 69 داش٠دسىا ١٠ % 19.27 ذ٠لاا ص % 11 ذ% cº 1250 ذ بأ . cº 1300 ف ددادصأ ا ذ٠بصسلأا خجغ 83 بظما ةبغ % داش٠دسىا خجغث 4.69 اذع ف١ف دب٠دصا غ % ذ٠لاا خجغث . عبشا ف١ ١ث خسبما ا ذ خما حذش ا ٠ ب ١غا θ2 º 29 ذل فظا ا ذ ١غا عبشا ف١ ١ر cº1250 ا حساشا خعسد حدب٠ضث cº1300 ما سبطشأ زوا ذ θ2 º 30 º36 را ل ءبمث غ ذ٠بصسلاا ا ير داش٠دسىا ا ذ بج٠شمر بو ذ٠لاا cº 1300 ب خغ١ز ى٠ سالأا ه١ئاص دبفطا ذمر طربا ز اذخزعا بفطث خ١ى١اش١ع دبفط حساش خعسذ cº 1300 ذ٠بزجا عبعا لاشا ذجص ذل صاخا خعاسد ب هر خ١ئبثشىا صاخا خ١ئب٠ض١فا [16] . (مكش 6 ييسنا عاشنا دىيح ظطخي ) جرىلإن d2 ذ cº1250 و cº1300 جاخخسلاا : خغب إ دبفبئث لاشا ذ٠بزجا ف١ ض ف١ دشصأ ب١لأا ب١غ١غا أ ف باذخزعإ ى٠ زا خ٠ساشا دبا سا خضز سالأا ز ذبو خ١ى١اش١غا دببظا ذ٠لاا، داش٠دسىا، ذ٠بزغا، ذ٠بصسلأبث . ذ٠لاثزعشىا سداصنا : 1. grim. r.e and guven. n ; 1978 "bentonites ,geology, mineralogy ,properties and uses” elsevier scientific publishing company. new york. 2 . ،.٠شىا ذج حذب .غ شما 1979 دبا سخظا خ١ئب١١و١ع" خ١بظا . ششا غجط ظ٠بزا خوشش خبج خ١ا خجزىا عاذ٠لإا.خبغا - داذغث 546 . 3. janssen. m; 2002 "diffusion of radionuclide in bentonite clay – laboratory and in sita studies" phd thesis department of nuclear chemistry royal institute of technology. 4 . دببخ خ١ئب١١و ١ع ، سبجع رش ، غ١ حذلأا ف صاضزا او حسبزخ خ١لاش "ب١ا خ١فظر عاشغلأ خ١فاشغرشىا اسزود خشأ داذغث خبع ، - خ١ثشزا خ١و ض١ا ثا 2008 قاشا . 5. worrall .w.e; 1982"ceramic raw material" printed great britain by bill and bain ltd. glasgow .وىههن داذغب تهجي ذهجي 9 ( 1 ) 2112 78 6. al-jeboori.s, 2005 "bonded silicon carbide with ceramic raw materials" phd thesis university of technology iraq . 7. al- fouadi h.a; 2007. "dielectric properties of local clay–based cordierite ceramics .'phd thesis college of science al- mustansiryah university iraq . 8. muslim a. m; 2007."a study of the effect of iraqi bentonite on some prosperities of polymeric blend(pp / )."phd thesis university of technology iraq. 9. kulbicki. g.;"high temperature phases in montmorillonites" .5 th .nat . clay .conf .urhana 1956. 10. american standard test method , 39-1425 international center for diffraction data , file tm & related products 2009-2010 . 11. american standard test method, 15-0776 international center for diffraction data , file tm & related products 2009-2010. 12. american standard test method, 21-1152 international center for diffraction data , file tm & related products 2009-2010. 13. american standard test method, 12-0301 international center for diffraction data , file tm & related products 2009-2010 . 14. american standard test method, 12-0303 international center for diffraction data , file tm & related products 2009-2010 . 15. american standard test method, 37-1496 international center for diffraction data , file tm related products 2009-2010 . phase transformation study of iraqi bentonite with al 2o3 and mgo as additions at high temperatures tariq abdul-ridha al-dhahir* fadhel abed rasin** shatha hashim mahdi* *college of education / ibn –al-haithem / university of baghdad/iraq **college of science al- mustansiryiha university abstract: iraqi bentonite is used as main material for preparing ceramic samples with the additions of alumina and magnesia. x-ray diffractions analyses were carried out for the raw material at room temperature. the sequence of mineral phase's transformations of the bentonite for temperatures 1000 ,1100 ,1200 and 1250 ºc reflects that it finally transformed in to mullite 39.18% and cristobalite 62.82%. samples of different weight constituent were prepared. the effect of its constitutional change reveals through its heat treatments at 1000,1100,1200,1250and 1300ºc .the samples of additions less than 15% of alumina and magnesia could not stand up to 1300ºc while the samples of addition more than 15% are stable .that is shown by analyzing of x-ray diffraction pattern after heat treatments of the samples. the growth of mineralogical phases like cordierite, anorthite ,mullite, cristobalite wollastonite with highest percentage ratio of anorthite 87.53%,cordirite77.35% and wallostonite 62.35% .so the presence refractory materials in the obtained samples highly support the possibility of using the bentonite with additions in the ceramics industry for high temperatures.مولعلل داذغب تلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2012 97 . داذغت حياج ، حاسضنا حهك ، حساسلاا وهنا حثش * داذغت حياج ، داظرقلاا جسادلاا حهك ، ءاظحلاا ىسق ** تيواسته موجحلو يعيبطلا عيزوتلا نيابتل نيتلحروب يعيوجتلا صلمولا سيب رذمه نيتنيعلل داوج ذيوحلا ذبع نيسح ذوحه * داوج ذيوحلا ذبع توطاف ** ثحثنا ولارسا 1 ، سارا ، 1111 ششنا لثق 1 ، اشضح ، 1111 :تصلاخلا ثطنا غصرنا اثرن سذقي حساسد دذ ثحثنا از ف ىه دارلاات وهي شغ غصرنا سري ك ايذ شغ سذقنا ت اي حجذ حناد نا اياذخرسا ىرس رنا ثطنا غصرنا اثرن يضثنا سذقنا ضحر شغ غصرنا سري ك ايذ ثطنا غصرنا اثرن سذقي ىه لظحهن رهحشت ضهقنا سذقنا حغط وهي ر . رتحسنا رهن حاسري جشغط وجحن اياذخرسا ذ ، حنا جءافك : تهذمولا لذ اثرن يضثنا سذقنا نا ئاشنا شغر x يزنا غصرهن سرت اث اصذ عصر m شغ حهنات مثي غصرهن اثرت وهي شغ ي ه مطاحنا حيهي حشظ قثطذ للاخ حنارحلاا حفاثكنا حناد ىه دارلاات خاساشقنا حهنا ىه جذرنا غصرنا حناد ىه حههن نلاا حناد جساث لاا اي ي اه مظح رنا خايهنا ت اي حجذ حقثسنا حنلاا خايهنا حتحسنا حنا حهنا حغظت ا شثنا للاخ ي . حناذن جذذج حغط واذخرسا ىذ اشكر ىذ رنا حقلانا اثرهن يضثنا سذقنا ت اي غجذ حصي ضهقرنا شغ سذقنا نا ذ رنا اثرهن ضحر د رسذ ا اثرهن حجرنا حظهقنا حضثنا حناذنات ىرس رن رهحشت ضهقنا سذقنا حغط اياذخرسا . رتحسنا رهن حاسري وجحن يعيوجتلا صلمولاسيب رذمه تغيص موجحلو يعيبطلا عيزوتلا نيابتل نيتلحروب :نيتنيعلل تيواسته حناذنا ا شظ [1] ذ رنا د حظهقنا حضثنا حناذنات ارسذ حجرنا ضهقنا سذقنا حغط اياذخرسا ىرس، رهن حاسري وجحن رهحشت n1n2 هكنا ىجحنا nn1n2 ىه لظحنا ف كنر اثرن رهحشت جرنا ضهقنا ضت سذقي حغط شغ غصرنا سري ك ايذ ثطنا غصرنا اك وهي ذأ : را ا ه مطاحنا اثرهن يضثنا سذقنا مث حنا ي حتحسنا ni i1,2 حشظ قثطذ ي حنارحلاا حفاثكنا حناد ىه دارلاات خاساشقنا حهنا ىه جذرنا ات ا شثنا ذأ : f( , ,i1,2 حناد ىه دارلاات حههن نلاا غصرنا ات ا شثنا ذأ :مولعلل داذغب تلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2012 01 g( ) , شظ [ 2 ] شظ [ 3 ] ( ا يا ig ( 3, جساسخ حناد ىه دارلاات شثنا أطخنا غتشي حغظنات ا حذلاا : l( ) ا شغ سذقنا نا بحسنا اثرهن ضحر حهكنا حنا ي nn1n2 شثنا ات ذأ : ا ميا رق ضهقرهن شفظنا ت اي حاشرذ ذحانا شفظنا ي شثكا ارق ساثرخلاا حقطي ل حهكنا ساثرخلاا حقطي ارق شفظنا ي شثكا . اا رابتخلاا تمطنه ذيذحت : ساثرخلاا حقطي ا ر ي اه لظحنا ى سذقنات صاخنا تشرنا أطخنا سري مهقذ للاخ غصرنا اثرن رهحشت جرنا ضهقنا يضثنا اك ثطنا ذأ : mse( ) - f( )d - f( )f( )d d رنا ت اي حنلاقرسلاا ةثست لح مياكرنا ءاشجات اي ىه مظحس ذأ : - mse( ) ) - ) f( )d [ [ ( ]}f( )d [ شظ 4 ] ( ىقس حندانا 6 ات ا شثرنا ك ) ذأ : - mse( ) [ {[( - ) - ] - [ [ ( )- [ ( )- ] [ ]]}f( )d غرنات ب ىقس حندانا ف 7 اي ىه مظحس ذأ : mse( )var[ ] {[( - ) ( )- ] - var [ ( )]]}f( )d ف شغرنا ساذقي ( ) mse شث ات ذأ : - var[ ]مولعلل داذغب تلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2012 01 {[( ) ( )- ] - [ var[ ( )]]}f( ) (9) حندانا ىه دارلاات حذلاا : 0 (10) اي ىه مظحس ذأ : - (11) :أف كنر ىه ءات (12) ا ات n1n2 أف ات ا شثرنا ك ذأ : [ , ] (13) را ا a1- (14) b1 (15) ا يعيبرتلا أطخلا طسوته تلداعه قامتش : جرنا ضهقنا يضثنا سذقنا جءافك حساسذن ثطنا غصرنا اثرن رهحشت كنر اف طر ةه حساقي ءاشجا ت شغ سذقنا نا مثنا اثرهن ضحر حفشي ىه جذرنا حثسنا جءافكنا حطاخت ضهقنا يضثنا سذقهن تشرنا أطخنا سري اك رهحشت جرنا ذأ : - mse( )var[ ] {[( - ) - ] - [ var [ ]]} f( ) d حغط ) mse( اه لظحنا ىذ خلادانا ىه دارلاات 7,6,5 دارلاات كنزك ل حققحنا حقنا ا ىه ياسذ ذ واذخرسا جذنا شغ سذقهن حهياكنا نا ا ضحر لا مق اثذ ا ىظرنا . ا حاشنا خاهنا ءاشجا غرنا ذت ن حيصلا ىقس حنداهن 16 سرن حغط ىنا مطرنا ىذ اك تشرنا أطخنا ذأ : mse( ) [ - - - - - -مولعلل داذغب تلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2012 01 - - - - - ] 17) ا را (18) g g[( -1)2 ]- g[( -1)2 ;( -1) a] …(19) 0,1,2, [5] شظ را ا g[( -1)2 ], g[( 1)2 ;( -1) b] حجسذت ياك غتشن جرنا غصرنا حناد مثذ شح ح . (n1-1)2 صلمولا سيب رذمول تيبسنلا ةءافكلا : نيابتلل نيتلحروب يعيوجتلا س حثسنا جءافكنا باسحن ر ضت سذقي حساقي ىر رهحشت جرنا ضهقنا ت شغ سذقنا نا ضحر حغظنا للاخ ي اثرهن حذلاا : ref[ , ] (20) شظ [6] را ( ا يزنا غقرنا حنا ىجح مث ه لظحنا ىر حندانا للاخ ي حذلاا : (n-n1g0 n (21) را ا ( ) f( ) d (22) : كيبطتلا ثطرنا ذ جشغط وجح ىه دارلاا ىذ ق حفهرخي ىقن رتحسنا رهن حاسري ل (nn1n2,g, , ) ا لاذجنا ن ذكؤذ حقحلا شكر ىرس اي اه لظحنا ىذ حي جئار ي جياشت واذخرسات mathcad غط داجلا ه مطاحنا جئارنا عش ىرس اك خلاياكرنا ا اث اصذ عصرذ رنا خااثنا ذنذ حه ي سرت m اثذ وهي شغ . را جاكاحنا دذ ساشكذ ءاشجا غي نساك دي حيصساخ واذخرسات دذت (1000) حناحي لاذجت حشي جئارنا اف جاكاحنا جئار ذأ جئارنا غجن حشقاي حشنا . -1 حنا خاششؤنا ي غقرنا حنا ىجح ذ ىقس لذجنا للاخ ي حثسنا جءافكنا باسح ف (1) ىقس (2) ىقس (3) حنا ىجح ات ظحلا رهحشت جرنا ضهقنا يضثنا شذقرهن غقرنا رنا سري ك ايذ ثطنا غصرنا اثرن غص حهكنا حنا ىجح ي اثشق ك وهي شغ n ل حفهرخنا ىقنا غجن . 2 - ىقس لاذجنا ي (1) ىقس (2) ىقس (3) ايذ غقرنا حنا ىجح ات ظحلا 0.8 ايذ غقرنا حنا ىجح ي شثكا ك 0.6 ل حفهرخنا ىقنا غجن . 3 - ىقس لذجنا ي (1) قس ى (2) ىقس (3) ىنا اتشق شثكا ك غقرنا حنا ىجح ات ظحلا ل حفشطرنا ىقنا حناح ف حهكنا حنا ىجح يا حناح ف 1.2 0.8 . 4 - ىقس لذجنا ي (4) ىقس (5) ىقس (6) ظحلا سذقهن حثسنا جءافكنا جئار ات يشثكا ارق ا غجن ذحانا ل حفهرخنا ىقن n . 5 - سذقهن حثسنا جءافكنا حجر ايذ ذاضرذ ل حفهرخنا ىقنا غجن ذحانا ي بشرقذ n ىقس لاذجنات ححي اك (4) ىقس (5) ىقس (6) . 6 - ىقس لاذجنا ي (4) ىقس (5) ىقس (6) ر ات ظحلا سذقهن حثسنا جءافكنا حج ايذ 0.6 ايذ حناحنا ي شثكا ارق 0.8 ل حفهرخنا ىقنا غجن n .مولعلل داذغب تلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2012 08 7 - ىقس لاذجنا ت اي حساقي ءاشجا ذ (4) ىقس (5) ىقس (6) ىق ي حق مكن داشفا ىه هن حثسنا جءافكنا حجر ات ظحن سذق ارق حناح ف شثكا كذ n ىقنا غجن جشغط ل حفهرخنا . 8 - ىقس لذجنا ي (7) حناح ف n10 n1n25 2 ايذ 0.6 ظحن شذقرهن سرنا فاشحلاا ات ياس (0.173) حاسي ضهقرنا خاشي دذ ىنا (603) ىنا حاسي ضهقرنا وذ خاشي دذ جشي (397) رق داك جشي ت اي حاشرذ (0.325) (1.94) . ايذ 0.8 فاشحلاا ات ظحن شذقرهن سرنا ياس (0.198) دذ ضهقرنا خاشي (476) وذ خاشيدذ جشي ىنا حاسي ضهقرنا (524) ق داك جشي ر ت اي حاشرذ (0.321) (1.87) . ايا ا شذقرن ياس شذقرهن سرنا فاشحلاا اف (0.381) رق حاشرذ (0.094) (2.872) . حق مقا كهر يزنا شذقرنا ا ظحلانا ي ىنا اتشق شثكا ك سرنا فاشحلان 2 . 9 - ىقس لذجنا ي (8) حناح ف n20 n1n210 ايذ 0.6 ظحن شذقرهن سرنا فاشحلاا ات ياس (0.189) ىنا حاسي ضهقرنا خاشي دذ (787) ىنا حاسي ضهقرنا خاشي دذ جشي (213) جشي رق داك ت اي حاشرذ (0.397) (1.908) . ايذ 0.8 سرنا فاشحلاا ات ظحن شذقرهن ياس (0.205) ضهقرنا خاشي دذ ىنا حاسي (458) ضهقرنا وذ خاشي دذ جشي ىنا حاسي (542) رق داك جشي اي حاشرذ ت (0.485) (1.69) . ايا ا شذقرن اف ياس شذقرهن سرنا فاشحلاا (0.378) رق ت اي حاشرذ (0.178) (2.693) . ي فاشحلان حق مقا كهر يزنا شذقرنا ا ظحلانا ىنا اتشق شثكا ك سرنا 2 . 10 - ىقس لذجنا ي (9) حناح ف n30 n1n215 2 ايذ 0.6 شذقرهن سرنا فاشحلاا ات ظحن ياس (0.291) ىنا حاسي ضهقرنا خاشي دذ (453) ىنا حاسي ضهقرنا وذ خاشي دذ جشي (547) رق داك جشي ت اي حاشرذ (0.524) (2.331) . ايا ا شذقرن ا فاشحلاا اف سرن ياس شذقرهن (0.354) رق ت اي حاشرذ (0.298) (2.381) . شذقرنا ا ظحلانا ي شثكا ك سرنا فاشحلان حق مقا كهر يزنا ىنا اتشق 2 . لوذج ( 1 ) : علوتولا تنيعلا نجح n1n25, n10 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 7.775 7.668 7.656 7.614 7.613 0.6 8.854 8.739 8.685 8.682 8.78 0.8 وذج ل (2) : علوتولا تنيعلا نجح n1n210, n20 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 13.768 13.584 13.323 13.215 13.267 0.6 16.574 16.482 16.175 16.183 16.267 0.8 لوذج (3) : يعلا نجح علوتولا تن 1n215, n30 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 20.475 20.261 19.718 19.633 19.876 0.6 26.838 25.872 25.567 25.736 26.028 0.8 لوذج (4) : تيبسنلا ةءافكلا n10 ,n1n25 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 6.825 6.846 6.902 6.79 6.75 0.6 6.036 6.387 6.435 6.422 6.071 0.8 لوذج (5) : تيبسنلا ةءافكلا n20 , n1n210 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 5.196 5.283 6.02 5.748 5.433 0.6 5.019 5.188 5.745 5.394 5.025 0.8 لوذج (6) : تيبسنلا ةءافكلا n30 , n1n215 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 4.274 4.719 4.924 4.686 4.352 0.6 4.093 4.13 4.605 4.258 4.304 0.8 لوذج (7) : ةاكاحولا جئاتن n10, n1n25 , 2 فاشحلاا سرنا خاشي دذ وذ ضهقرنا خاشي دذ ضهقرنا سري شذقرنا شذقرنا 0.173 397 603 0.894 0.6 0.198 524 476 1.094 0.8 0.381 1000 0 1.242 -مولعلل داذغب تلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2012 08 لوذج (8) : ةاكاحولا جئاتن n20, n1n210, 2 فاشحلاا سرنا خاشي دذ ضهقرنا وذ دذ خاشي ضهقرنا سري شذقرنا شذقرنا 0.189 213 787 1.095 0.6 0.205 542 458 1.181 0.8 0.378 1000 0 1.352 - لوذج (9) : ةاكاحولا جئاتن n30, n1n215, 2 فاشحلاا سرنا خاشي دذ ضهقرنا وذ دذ خاشي ضهقرنا سري شذقرنا شذقرنا 0.263 141 859 1.118 0.6 0.291 547 453 1.207 0.8 0.354 1000 0 1.394 - : ثاجاتنتسلاا 1 - سذقهن جءافكنا حجر ف جشثك كذ ارق حهكنا حهن جشغط وجحن اياذخرسا حناح n كنر ا غقرنا حنا ىجح ىه جءافكنا دارلا ك يزن حهكنا حهن ققحنا ىجحنا ي اتشق شثكا n ف حهكنا حهن جشغظنا وجحنا حناح n حيذخرسنا , سذقنا حاج ذكؤ اي شف ات كنر ي ان . حفهك ذج 2 - حهكنا حهن حيذخرسنا وجحهن n حق شثكا اف سذقهن حثسنا جءافكنا حجرن حناح ف داك 1 كن اره ل رقنا اذثي ىنا ادارسا كنر حنلاا حقنا باشرقا حققحنا حقنا ي . 3 - حهكنا حهن ىجح يلا n ياذخرسا ىذ ا داك سذقهن حثسنا جءافكنا حجر رق ا ايذ شثكا 0.6 ايذ حناحنا ي 0.8 ىقنا غجن ل حفهرخنا يزنا غقرنا حنا ىجح ةثست كنر ايذ حق شثكا ك 0.8 ايذ حناحنا ي 0.6 ضهقرنا ميا حا ذكؤ اي ايذ ىنا ااسي ك 0.6 حق ىها ىطا يزنا حثسنا جءافكنا حجرن . 4 - يلا حهكنا حهن ىجح n ياذخرسا ىذ حق داك شذقرهن سرنا فاشحلاا حق ي مقا شذقرهن سرنا فاشحلاا شغ نا اثرهن ضحر شذقرنا دارلا كنر ي دذ ىه حفشنا حغظنا ضهقرنا ي خاشنا ت ضهقرنا حغظت رهحش . داصولا : ر [1]pandey m. and singh v.p. 1989. bayesian shrinkage estimation of reliability from acensored sample from afinite range failure time model ,microelectron reliab. 29(6):955-958. [2]andrew g,john b.c.,hal s.s. and donald b.r. 2004. bayesian data analysis. chapman & hall/crc,thid edition, new york pp 71. [3] walter w.piegorsch and beth c.gladen .1986.anote on the use of prior interval information in constructing interval estimates for a gamma mean, technometrics. 28 (3):269-273. [4] arnold j.c. and al-bayyti h.a. 1970.on double stage estimation of the mean using prior knowledge, biometrics.26 (4):787-800. [5] kambo n.s, handa b.r. and al-hemyari z.a. 1990.on shrunken estimators for exponential scale parameter ,journal of statistical planning and inference .24:87-94 . [6] zuhair a.al-hemyari.1990.0n double stage shrunken estimator , al-mustansiriya j.sci.2(1):27-40 .مولعلل داذغب تلجه ذلجه 9 ( 1 ) 2012 08 double stage cumulative shrunken bayes estimator for the variance of normal distribution for equal volume of two sample mohammad h. abdulhammeed jawad* fatimah abdulhammeed jawad** *agricultures college, university of baghdad **assistant teacher. adminstration & economy college,university of baghdad abstract: in this article we study the variance estimator for the normal distribution when the mean is un known depend of the cumulative function between unbiased estimator and bays estimator for the variance of normal distribution which is used include double stage shrunken estimator to obtain higher efficiency for the variance estimator of normal distribution when the mean is unknown by using small volume equal volume of two sample .j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 68 frequency of hla antigens in a sample of iraqi brucellosis patients ali h. ad'hiah* aaiad h. a. al-rikaby** ammna n. jasim*** received 30, may, 2010 accepted 11, october, 2010 abstract: fifty one patients with serologically confirmed brucellosis and 70 healthy controls were phenotyped for hla-a, -b, -dr and -dq antigens by using standard microlympho-cytotoxicity method, and lymphocytes defined by their cd markers (cd3, cd4, cd8 and cd19). the results revealed a significant (pc 0.001) increased frequency of hla-dr8 (41.18 vs. 10.0%) in the patients . a significant increased percentage of cd8 lymphocytes was also increased in the patients (25.15 vs. 22.0%; p 0.006), while cd3 lymphocytes were significantly decreased (75.1 vs. 79.4%; p 0.02). key words: brucellosis, hla, cd markers. introduction: brucellosis is the most common zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution, and more than 500000 new cases are reported annually. it is caused by intracellular pathogens of the genus brucella that have their natural reservoir in domestic and wild animals. the disease is transmitted to humans by consumption of contaminated dairy products or by occupational contact with infected animals [1]. the genus brucella consist of seven species according to antigenic variation and primary host: b. melitensis (sheep and goats), b. suis (hogs), b. abortus (cattle), b. ovis (sheep), b. canis (dogs), b. neotomae (wood rats) and b. maris (marine mammals) [2]. brucella infection occurs through inhalation or ingestion of organisms via the nasal, oral, or pharyngeal cavities, and following penetration of the mucosal epithelium, the bacteria are transported, either free or within phagocytic cells, to the regional lymph nodes [3]. the spread and multiplication of brucella in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, mammary glands, and sex organs occurs via macrophages. in general, b. melitensis, b. abortus and b. suis can infect humans and the pathological manifestations of brucellosis in humans are meningitis, endocarditis, spondylitis, and arthritis [4]. cellular immune responses are a critical part of the host defense against intracellular bacterial infections, but the response against brucellae spp. involves the whole principles of the immune system from innate to adaptive immunity. in brucellosis, the different arms of the immune system, namely antigen-presenting cells, natural killer (nk) cells, cd4 and cd8 t cells and b cells, act together to provide a coordinated response [5]. the primary mechanism of control involves cell-mediated immunity rather than antibodies, although some immunity against re-infection is provided by serum immunoglobulins *tropical-biological research unit, college of science, university of baghdad. **department of biology, college of education ibin al-haitham, university of baghdad. ***department of biology, college of science for women, university of baghdad.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 68 [6]. however, the immunological recognition of non-self antigens; viral, bacterial or parasitic, is dependent on self antigens, which are collectively known as human leukocyte antigens (hla). these antigens are genetically controlled, and their expression shows an extensive polymorphism, and certain hla alleles have shown positive associations with different diseases; including autoimmune, viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases [7], and human brucellosis is one of these diseases that has been studied in relation to hla antigens [8,9,10]. accordingly the present investigation aimed to investigate the association between hla-class i (a and b) and class ii (dr and dq) antigens and brucellosis in a sample of iraqi patients. the profile of lymphocytes (cd3, cd4, cd8 and cd19 cells) were also investigated. materials and methods: blood samples (10 ml) were collected from 51 brucellosis patients (25 males and 26 females), who were administrated to the al-karama teaching hospital, and their age range at the time of diagnosis was 17-50 years. the diagnosis was made by the consultant medical staff, and based on a clinical examination and laboratory investigations, which included rose-bengal test and indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat). a control sample of 70 apparently healthy subjects (blood and kidney donors) was also included, and they were age, sex and ethnicity (arab muslims) matched. the blood was drawn in a hepranized tube and lymphocytes were isolated by means of a density gradient centrifugation using lymphoprep as a separating medium. these lymphocytes were further separated into t- and b-cells using the nylon-wool method. the t lymphocytes were employed in the phenotyping of hla-class i antigens (a and b), while b lymphocytes were used in the phenotyping of hla class ii antigens (dr and dq). the microlymphocytotoxicity test was applied to determine these phenotypes using commercially available antisera (biotest, germany) that recognized 8 a, 14 b, 8 dr and 2 dq antigens [11]. the total lymphocytes were also characterized in terms of their cd profiles (cd3, cd4, cd8 and cd19 cells), which were investigated using a commercially available monoclonal antibodies against each cd marker (serotec, france). the method of detection was direct immunofluorescence as suggested by the kit's manufacturer. the data of hla were presented as observed numbers and percentage frequencies, and antigens showing significant variation (fisher's exact probability; p) were further presented as odd ratio (or), etiological fraction (ef) and preventive fraction (pf). the probability was corrected for the number of antigen tested at each locus [11]. the statistical analysis of these presentations was carried out using the computer programme pepi version 4. the data of cd profile were given as means standard errors (s.e.), and significant differences between means were assessed by the least significant difference (lsd) using the computer programme spss version 15. results: hla antigens showing significant variations between brucellosis patients and controls are given in table 1. seven antigens showed a significant increased frequency; a23 (11.76 vs. 1.43%), b44 (25.49 vs. 8.57%), dr1 (39.22 vs. 18.57%), dr2 (33.33 vs. 18.57%), dr8 (41.18 vs. 10.0%), dq1 (33.33 vs. 15.71%) and dq2 (37.25 vs.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 66 20.0%), while three antigens showed a significant decreased frequency; a11 (5.89 vs. 18.57%), a32 (0.0 vs. 11.43%) and b35 (7.84 vs. 20.0) in the patients as compared to controls. correcting the p values of these variations revealed that only the increased frequency of dr8 maintained a significant corrected level (pc 0.001), moreover, such variation was associated with an od value of 6.30 and ef value of 0.34. the cd profile of lymphocytes revealed that cd3 cells showed a significant decreased percentage (75.1 vs. 79.4%; p 0.02), while cd8 cells showed a significant increased percentage (25.15 vs. 22.0%; p 0.006) in the patients as compared to controls. the cd4 lymphocytes were also decreased in the patients (38.95 vs. 39.55%), but the difference did not attained a significant level (p 0.05). whereas the cd4/cd8 ratio maintained a significant decrease (1.58 vs. 1.82; p 0.003) in the patients. the cd19 cells showed a non-significant increase in the patients (19.35 vs. 18.70%) (table 2). discussion: infectious diseases are a major selective pressure, and the genes involved in the immune response are the most numerous and diverse in the human genome, indicating the evolutionary advantages of a varied immunological response to a wide range of infectious pathogens. this is most obvious at the hla loci, the prototypical candidate genetic region for infectious disease susceptibility [12]. the present results demonstrated that brucellosis was associated with abnormalities in the percentage of cd3, which are pan t-lymphocytes, and cd8, which are t-cytotoxic. the latter cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, which is the responsible immunity against brucella infection, although humoral immunity might have a role [5,6]. however, both immunities are mhc-restricted, and the hla antigens may have an effect as they are the recognition molecules [13]. comparing the patients and controls revealed that hla-dr8 was significantly increased in the patients, and such deviation was associated with an or value of 6.30 and ef value of 0.34. such positive association may highlight the importance of such antigen as a predisposing immunogenetic marker conferring about 34% predisposition. additionally, cd8 lymphocytes were also significantly increased in the patients. therefore, part of the genetic susceptibility to brucellosis may be attributed to polymorphisms in the hla region genes. these genes encode for the cell-surface human hla class i (hla-a, -b, and -c) and class ii (hla-dr, -dq, and -dp) molecules, which play an important role in the regulation of the immune system. most nucleated cells express hla class i genes, whereas expression of hla class ii genes is restricted to specialized antigen-presenting cells. hla class i and class ii molecules present antigenic peptides to cd8 and cd4 t cells, respectively [7]. the variability observed among these molecules, hla-dr8 antigen in the present investigation, is located in the peptide-binding region, which is important in determining the antigen repertoire that is displayed to t cells by each hla molecule. the interaction between the hla-peptide complex and the t cell receptor is an essential and specific step in t cell activation [14]. in this regard, it has been demonstrated by using immunofluorescence that lipopolysaccharide (lps), a major amphiphilic molecule located at the outer membrane of brucella, is able to accumulate in an intracellularj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 68 compartment enriched in mhc class ii molecules, and by the use of immunoprecipitation, it was illustrated that brucella abortus lps is associated with mhc class ii molecules in a haplotype-independent manner. taken together, these results raised the possibility that b. abortus lps may play a role in t-cell activation, which is dependent on the mhc class ii molecule [15]. regarding hla polymorphisms and the risk of brucellosis, discordant results have been observed among different populations or even in the same population. for instance, an earlier study in spanish patients recorded a significant decreased frequency of hla-cw2 [16], while a later study reported a significant increased frequency of hla-b39, especially in patients who had osteoarticular complications [8], but both investigations showed no association with hla-b27. these three antigens showed no significant variations between the present brucellosis patients and controls. the latter antigen (hla-b27) shared most of the controversy in relation to brucellosis especially in patients who had osteoarticular complications and arthritis, and the studies either reported a significant increase [9,10], or no association was recorded [16], including iraqi patients [17]. with respect to lymphocyte phenotypes, the most significant findings were decreased percentage of cd3 cells and increased percentage of cd8 cells, while cd4 lymphocytes showed a non-significant decrease. the significance of cd4 and/or cd8 t cells in brucella immunity has been controversial. araya et al. [18] reported that both t-cell populations are important. however, oliveira and splitter [19] reported that major mhc class i-deficient mice, which have no cd8 t cells, control the infection more slowly than do wild-type mice, while mhc class ii deficient mice, defective in cd4 t cells, control the infection at a similar rate to wild-type mice. these results suggest that cd8 t cells play a critical role although the role of cd4 t cells in brucellosis should not be ignored. moreno-lafont et al. [20] reported an increase in the percentage of cd8 t-cells in the peripheral blood of patients chronically infected with brucella spp. in addition, they found increased numbers of brucella antigen-specific cd8 t cells. gazapo et al. [21] observed both a decreased percentage of cd4 lymphocytes and an increase in cd8, hence an inverted cd4/cd8 ratio that was also observed in the present study, at the time of diagnosis. in conclusion, the hla profile in brucellosis patients may be subjected to race variations, because hla antigens show different frequencies in different populations [22], but in each population there may be a single antigen that is able to predispose the individual to develop brucellosis in interaction with the strain that cause the infection, and such interaction involves cd8 t lymphocytes.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 89 table 1: hla antigens showing significant variations between brucellosis patients and controls. hla antigens patients(no. 51) controls(no. 70) odd ratio ef or pf p pc no. % no. % a11 3 5.89 13 18.57 0.27 0.14 0.04 n.s. a23 6 11.76 1 1.43 9.20 0.11 0.02 n.s. a32 nd nd 8 11.43 - - 0.01 n.s. b35 4 7.84 14 20.00 0.34 0.11 0.05 n.s. b44 13 25.49 6 8.57 3.64 0.18 0.01 n.s. dr1 20 39.22 13 18.57 2.83 0.25 0.01 n.s. dr2 17 33.33 13 18.57 2.19 0.18 0.05 n.s. dr8 21 41.18 7 10.00 6.30 0.34 0.0001 0.001 dq1 17 33.33 11 15.71 2.68 0.21 0.02 n.s. dq2 19 37.25 14 20.00 2.38 0.21 0.03 n.s. ef: etiological fraction; pf: preventive fraction; p: probability; pc: corrected p; nd: not detected. table 2: percentage of lymphocyte phenotypes in the peripheral blood of brucellosis patients and controls. lymphocytes mean s.e. (%) probability patients (no. 20) controls(no. 20) cd3 75.10 1.42 79.40 1.10 0.02 cd4 38.95 0.70 39.55 0.59 not significant cd8 25.15 0.91 22.00 0.60 0.006 cd19 19.35 0.68 18.70 0.69 not significant cd4/cd8 ratio 1.58 0.06 1.82 0.05 0.003 references: 1. world health organization 2006. brucellosis in humans and animals. who library cataloguing-in-publication data. jahans, k. l., foster g. and broughton e. s. 1997. 2. the characterization of brucella strains isolated from marine mammals. vet. microbiol., 57: 373-382. 3. jacob, n. r., rodríguez, c. g., binaghi, m. a., scapellato, p. g., rosales ostriz, m. b., ayala, s. m. and lucero, n. e. 2008. brucellosis complicating chronic non-infectious disorders: diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. j. med. microbiol., 57: 1161-1166. 4. ocon, p., reguera, j. m., morata, p., juarez, c., alonso, a, and colmenero, j. d. 1994. phagocytic cell function in active brucellosis. infect. immun., 62: 910–914. 5. ko, k. and splitter, g. 2003. molecular host-pathogen interaction in brucellosis: current understanding and future approaches to vaccine development for mice and humans. clin. microbiol. rev., 1: 65–78. 6. celik, i. and akbulut, h. h. 2005. lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with acute brucellosis. turk. j. med. sci., 35: 235-239. 7. traherne, j. a. 2008. human mhc architecture and evolution: implications for disease association studies. int. j. immunogenet., 35: 179-192. 8. bravo, m. j., colmenero, j. d., alonso, a. and caballero a. 2003. hla-b*39 allele confers susceptibility to osteoarticular complications in human brucellosis. j. rheumatol., 30:1051-1053. 9. ertem, g. t., tanyel, e., tulek, n., ulkar, g. b. and doganci, l. 2004. osteoarticular involvement of brucellosis and hla-b27 antigen frequency in turkish patients. diagn. microbiol. infect. dis., 48: 243-245. 10. alavi, s. m., seraj, m. s., etemadi, a, and moradzadegan h. 2009. frequency of hla-b27 antigen in iranian patients with brucellosis and its relationship with osteoarticular complication. pak. j. med. sci., 25: 253-256. 11. ad'hiah, a. h. 1990. immunogenetic studies in selectedj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 89 human diseases. ph.d. thesis, university of newcastle upon tyne, england. 12. burgner, d., jamieson, s. e. and blackwell, j. m. 2006. genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases: big is beautiful, but will bigger be even better? lancet infect. dis., 6: 653-663. 13. murphy, e., robertson, g. t., parent, m., hagius, s.d., roop r. m., elzer, p. h. and baldwin, c. l. 2002. major histocompatibility complex class i and ii expression on macrophages containing a virulent strain of brucella abortus measured using green uorescent protein-expressing brucellae and fow cytometry. fems immunol. med. microbiol., 33: 191-200. 14. yingst, s. and hoover, d. l. 2003. t cell immunity to brucellosis. crit. rev. microbiol., 29: 313-331. 15. forestier, c., moreno, f., méresse, s., phalipon, a., olive, d., sansonetti, p. and gorvel1, j-p 1999. interaction of brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide with major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules in b lymphocytes. infect. immun., 67: 4048-4054. 16. pareja, e., bonal, f. j., paule, p., salvatierra, d. and garrido, f. 1985. hla antigens in brucellosis. exp. clin. immunogenet., 2: 1-3. 17. al-rawi, z. s., al-khateeb, n. and khalifa, s. j. 1987. brucella arthritis among iraqi patients. br. j. rheumatol., 26: 24-27. 18. araya, l. m., elzer, p. h. and rowe, g. e. 1989. temporal development of protective cell-mediated and humoral immunity in balb/c mice infected with brucella abortus. j. immunol., 143: 3330-3337. 19. oliveira, s. c. and splitter, g. a. 1995. cd8 type 1 cd44 h i cd45 rb l0 t lymphocytes control intracellular brucella abortus infection as demonstrated in major histocompatibility complex class i- and class ii-deficient mice. eur. j. immunol., 25: 2551-2557. 20. moreno-lafont m. c., lopez-santiago r. and paredes-cervantes v. 2003. activation and proliferation of t lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with brucellosis. arch. med. res., 34: 184-193. 21. gazapo, e., gonzalez lahoz, j. and subiza, j. l. 1990. lymphocyte subpopulations in the evolution of brucellosis. rev. clin. esp., 186: 369-373. 22. ad'hiah, a. h. 2009. distribution of hla polymorphism in a sample of iraqi arabs in comparison with three arab gulf populations. iraqi journal of science (accepted).j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 89 لايسوربلا ءاد ىضره نه ةيقارع ةنيعل ةيرشبلا ضيبلا مذلا ايلاخ تاذضتسه راركت ةيحدأ نيسح يلع * يباكرلا لجاع ذيوح دايعأ ** نساج فيصن ةنهآ *** * .هاوغب تعهاج ،مىلعلا تلك ،ةراحلا قطاولل تجىلىبلا داحبلاا ةوحو ** تعهاج ،نثهلا يبا تبرخلا تلك ،ةاحلا مىلع نسق .هاوغب *** .هاوغب تعهاج ،ثابلل مىلعلا تلك ،ةاحلا مىلع نسق :ةصلاخلا يططه يعبططصو الطط ه يطط نيولا ططصوربلا شاه ططسره يططه اططضره ىىططسومو يوططحا اططرهره ظططو ترطططططططيبلا طططططططبلا موطططططططلا اططططططط م ثاوطططططططضخسول شاحطططططططصلأا a و b و dr و dq تططططططط ر لا ماونخطططططططصاب تصا لا microlymphocytotoxicity test ثاوطصاىلا طعب شىطس طف تطفوللا ا نلا فصىح يع ضفو ، ( cd3 و cd4 و cd8 و cd19 تححط ولا تطلاوخحلاا(تىعه ةهاطة اياطخلا جحطسوأ .) 9.999 رارطكخب ) وضخسولا hla-dr8 ( 89.96 لبا ه 99.9 ىطعه ورطفبو اطضا طسرولا طف جطعفحرا اوك .سرولا ف )% لا اط نلل تطىيولا تبطسلا نطصاىلل تطلهاحلا تطفول cd8 ( 92.92 لطبا ه 99.9 تطلاوخحلاا ؛% 9.998 يطح طف ،) نصاىلل تلهاحلا ا نلا اىعه جضفنا cd3 ( 82.9 لبا ه 88.8 تلاوخحلاا ؛% 9.99 .)j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 93 the genetic inhibition of some pathogenic bacterial isolates related to enterobacteriaceae by using different leaves extracts of cider (nabag) zizyphus spina-christa nuha j. kandala* ibtehal. abdul-hade* ramina m. khoshaba* received 20, september, 2010 accepted 16, march, 2011 abstract: the plant zizyphus spina-christa grows wildly in the middle and southern of iraq locally named nabag. in this study the antibacterial activity of several different plant extract (alcoholic hot and cold extract 80%, aqueous hot and cold extract) was tested against some gram negative bacteria that related to enterobacteriacea as follow; pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherchia coli proteus mirabilis, serratia mercesence,. aeromonas sp, klebsiella pneumoniae ,shigella sp ,salmonella enteritidis (134), s. typhi(97), s. typhimurium (300) , s. typhi, . the results showed that efficient method of extract was alcoholic hot extract from other extract methods that are used in this study. the detection of active compound in crude extracts of the leaves showed positive reaction for alkaloids, flavonoides, saponin, peptides, tannins and carbohydrates , while the aqueous hot and cold extract did not give any reaction against terpenes ,resins and coumarins . minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of the ethanolic hot extracts of plants was determined and the results showed that mic of s.typhi was 25 mg / ml and 250 mg/ml aganist klebsiella pneumoniae serratia mercesence , pseudomonas aeruginosa , while other isolates showed variety in their inhibitory action. the ethanolic hot extracts of plants did not show any bacteriocidal effect against all bacteria that included in this study within concentration that used except s. typhi in concentration 50 mg/ml . the effect of sub – mic of the ethanolic hot extract of plant on the production of some virulence factors from selective isolates s. typhi ,showed an inhibitory effect on production of h2s but no effect on others characteristic such, mannitol and glucose fermenter at 20 mg / ml . the electrophoresis of plasmid dna isolated from bacterial cell treated with, alcoholic hot extract at sub-mic concentrations had a curing effect on the plasmid of s. typhi .using infrared spectroscopy spectrum indicates the possible effect of alcoholic hot extract on the conformation of the dna molecules affecting some of its biological functions. key words:antimicrobial activity, zizyphus spina-christa,chemical composition enterobacteriaceae introduction infectious disease such as gastroenteritis , bacteremiae , and others diseases . incidences of foodborne illnesses are still a major problem, even in developed countries. salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes and other bacteria were the main pathogens incriminated in poisoning cases [1]. several bacterial species, particularly enterobacterial members are involved in induction of these diseases .the treatment is still done with administration of antibacterial agents. however, *college of science / biotechnology dept. / baghdad universityj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 94 bacterial resistance is the major problem during the course of treatment .therefore replacement of antibacterial agents with a herbal medicine is partially useful for treatment of gastrointestinal infection [2]. in recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. [3]. zizyphus (zizyphus spina-christi) is a plant that grows into a tree with thorny branches, grows wild in asia and tropical africa. the plant is originally of the middle east south of the euphrates and spread to saharan oases across africa into the sahel, in iraq growing mainly in the basra region.it is a member of 40 species of spiny shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family rhamnaceae which also included : z. jujube, z.mauritian, z. joazeiro, z._lotus, z. rotundifolia, z. mucronata [4]. recently increasing attention to used zizyphus (rhamnaceae) species in folk medicine due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory ,antidiarrhoeal , anticancer, antihypertensive, blood pressure reduction properties , antidiabetic activity and antioxidative constituents . zizyphus contains a number of potentially biologically active compounds, including peptide and cyclopeptide alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, tannins, betulinic and ceanothic acids and triterpenoidal saponin glycosides [4,5,6,7]. the widespread distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria in hospitals specially the types of nosocomial infections caused major public problem which leads to many dead cases .therefore , as part of our general interest in this study is the evaluation invitro antimicrobial activity of the leaves extracted from zizyphus spina-christi against common enterobacteriace pathogens isolated from patients suffered from different clinical cases, and study the inhibitory action of the plant extract on virulence factors and genetic material against selective isolates . materials and methods: indicator bacteria the microorganisms used in this study were obtained from biotechnology department / college of science / baghdad university and teaching labs / baghdad hospital, included: pseudomonas aeruginosa, shigella sp, and proteus sp ,salmonella typhi(97), s.typhi (isolated from blood), escherchia coli, salmonella typhimurium (300) and s. entritidis(134) , klebsiella pneumoniae, aeromonas sp, serratia ,mercesence, (isolated from stool ) , these species isolated from different clinical specimens and were identified according to the method described by [8,9,10]. methods used for detection of active compound 1- detection of alkaloids: this test was done according to the method described by[11,12] 2- detection of carbohydrate: this test was done according to the method described by[11]. 3- detection of glycosides: this test was done according to the method described by [13,14]. 4- detection of flavones: this test was done according to the method described by [11]. 5- detection of phenolic: this test was done according to the method described by [11]. 6- detection of saponins : this test was done according to the method described by [15] . 7- detection of resins : this test was done according to the method described by [11] .j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 95 8- detection of coumarins: this test was done according to the method described by [12]. 9- detection of terpenes and steroids: this test was done according to the method described by [14]. 10- detection of tannins: this test was done according to the method described by [11]. 11- detection of peptide and free amine group: this test was done according to the method described by [11]. 12- detection of essential oil: this test was done according to the method described by [12]. plant collection and extraction the plant zizyphus spina-christi samples were collected during april 2008 from gardens of al-jaderya in different regions .the leaves were washed with tap water to remove the dust and other related foreign materials, dried at room temperature, they were chopped into small pieces in a mortar, then a grinder finally ground it into final powder. four extract were prepared from the dried leaves powder with tow types of solvents, as following: 1- alcoholic extract: two types of ethanol extract were done included: a- alcoholic hot extract : it was prepared according to the method described by[16] . b- alcoholic cold extract this extract was prepared according to the method described by[17] . 2-aqueous extract: two types of aqueous extract were done included: a- aqueous hot extract: it was prepared according to the method described by[18] . b aqueous cold extract it was prepared according to the method described by[12] . mcfarland tube standard (0.5) a barium sulfate turbidity standard solution equivalent to a 0.5 mcfarland standard was prepared as described by [15]. determination of antibacterial activity of zizyphus leaves extracts the agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the four extracts of the plant. using cork borer . the final concentration (15.5 ,31,62.5,125,250,500) mg\ ml of the extracts were made from the stock solution (1000 mg\ml) , and methods was described by [19]. determination of mics and mbcs the tube dilution method was used to determination of mics of alcoholic hot extract that gave effective antibacterial activity against all indicator bacterial isolates were used in this assay. the final concentration (15,20,25,50,75,100,125,250,500) mg\ ml of the extracts were made from the stock solution (1000 mg\ml) and methods was described by [20]. mic was defined as the lowest concentration of plant extract that completely suppressed colony growth (last tube lowest concentration in the series showing no growth compared with the growth of control). the mbcs was determined and defined as the lowest concentration of plant extract that completely no colony growth were visible onto plate culture [20]. detection of some virulence factors and biochemical test some virulence factors and biochemical test were detected from selected isolated that exhibited wide susceptibility against alcoholic hot extract as follows: hemolysin production test: this test was done according to [8]. urease production test: this test was done according to [8]. gelatin liquefaction test: this test was done according to [9].j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 96 production of h2s : this test was done according to[9] glugose , mannitol and lactose , fermentation . this test was done according to [8]. study the effect of alcoholic hot extract in production of some virulence factors and biochemical test after detection of mics of alcoholic hot extract, we are study the effect of this extract in production of some virulence factors that give positive result from s. typhi as follows : * put 100 µl from sub mic ( final concentration 20 μg/ml) from extract with 100 µl of bacterial culture (s. typhi) and subculturing in bhib for 24 hr incubator at 37c ,then we removed 100 µl from it and cultured onto each of s-s agar ,.mannitol salt agar, phenol red broth . * incubate plates in 37c for (18-24) hr and then read the results. total dna isolation (salting out method) the method was used in this study described by pospiech and neumann [21] to isolate both plasmid and chromosomal dna. agarose gel electrophoresis: the method described by [22]. absorbent spectrum of dna in an infra red region add drop of extraction from dna (control and treated isolate) between cell discs (type agcl), ftir is used to measured the infra red radiation region at positive band ranging (500- 4000) cm -1 . results and discussion : antibacterial activity of different leaves extracts the antibacterial activity of different leaves extracts of zizyphus spina-christa against ten gram negative bacteria species which considered as multi drug resistant bacteria( result not show),is summarized in table (1) and (2) .the results revealed that all extract showed antibacterial activity with varying magnitudes. the zone of inhibition above 7 mm in diameter was takes as positive results. the alcoholic hot extract exhibited maximum activity as showed in table (1) against all isolated bacterial species that are used in this study at concentration (250-500)mg/ml in diameter (15-40)(10-35)mm respectively . generally some bacterial isolates such as p mirabilis, s typhimurium 300 ,s entritidis 134 s typhi 97 and s typhi were sensitive at concentration 125 mg/ml in diameter(14,14,17,18,30)mm respectively, on the other hand s. typhi exhibit sensitivity at low concentration 15.6 mg/mlwhile e.coli showed sensitivity at concentration 31.25 mg/ml. the alcoholic cold extract and aqueous hot extract showed antagonistic activity at highest concentration 500 mg/ml against all bacteria in diameter (15- 25)(10-20)mm respectively (table 1 ) (table 2). the bacterial isolates showed variable activity, when treated with the aqueous hot extract, 10 isolates (100%) appeared antibacterial activity at concentration (500) mg/ml, while 4 isolates did not show antibacterial activity when treated with cold extract at the same concentration. depending on the results above the alcoholic hot extract are most efficiency method than other extracted methods prepared according to wide inhibited spectrum against different isolates especially s. typhi which exhibit highest susceptibility at low concentration .and the efficiency of alcoholic hot extract may due to use alcoholic in percentage 80% in plant extraction to obtain components that dissolution in water beside that in alcoholic [13,23]. these results are in accordance with the results reported by al- bayatti et al .,[24] who mentionedj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 97 that the ethanolic and aqueous extract of zizyphus spina christa has inhibitory effects at various concentrations ( 25, 50, 100, 200, 400) mg/ml against five bacterial species staph.aureus, e.coli,p.aeruginosa,enterococcus sp and acinetobacter sp. table (1): antibacterial activity of alcoholic hot and cold extract in different concentration against indicator bacterial isolated. alcoholic extract – (mg/ml) indicator bacteria cold hot 15.6 31.25 62.5 125 250 500 15.6 31.25 62.5 125 250 500 - - - - 13 15 - 13 15 15 16 26 e.coli - - - - - 15 - - - - 11 15 pseudomonas aeruginosae - - - - - 15 - - - - 10 15 klebsiella pneumoniae - - - - - 15 - - - - 15 20 aeromonas sp. - - - - - 15 - - - - 18 20 serratia marcescence - - - - 18 20 - - - 14 15 20 proteus mirabilis - - - 15 20 25 21 22 25 30 35 40 salmonella typhi - - - - 18 20 - - - 18 20 25 s. typhi 97 - - - - 20 21 - - - 14 18 22 s typhimurium 300 - - - 17 20 22 - - - 17 20 22 s . enteritidis. 134 *the diameter of inhibition zone assayed in mm table (2): antibacterial activity of aqueous hot and cold extract in different concentration against indicator bacterial isolated. aqueous extract – (mg/ml) indicator bacteria cold hot 15.6 31.25 62.5 125 250 500 15.6 31.25 62.5 125 250 500 - - - - 13 15 - - - - 15 18 e.coli - - - - - - - - - - 12 pseudomonas aeruginosae - - - - - - - - - - - 10 klebsiella pneumoniae - - - - - - - - - - - 12 aeromonas sp. - - - - - 12 - - - - 14 15 serratia marcescence - - - - - - - - - - - 10 proteus mirabilis - - - - 15 20 - - - 15 18 20 salmonella typhi - - - - - 14 - - - - 12 14 s. typhi 97 - - - - - 13 - - - - 14 16 s typhimurium 300 - - - - - 13 - - - - 13 14 s . enteritidis. 134 *the diameter of inhibition zone assayed in mm z. spina-christi has been shown activity against bacteria and fungi and also other pathogens that are normally quite resistant. [4]. alanis and colleagues[13] tested the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic extract of 26 medicinal plants including z. spina-christi against eight different species of enteropathogenic including e.coli, salmonella. spp. shigella.soni ,s.flexanari and the results showed that methanolic extract exhibited antibacterial activity against one or more bacterial isolates. chemical analysis of the plant extracts as part of our general interest in the characterization of biological active compound from zizyphus spina-christi, several chemical reagents were used to detect the active compounds in four crude extracts of the leaves. the chemical detection revealed that four crude extracts showed positive reaction for alkaloids, phenolic , tannins ,j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 98 flavonoides ,saponins , carbohydrates, essential oils, amine groups and peptides (table -3 ) . while alcoholic hot extract showed positive result to coumarins, on the other hand the alcoholic hot and cold extract give positive result to terpens, steroids. table (3): chemical reagent to detection the anti medicinal components in different leaves extract of zizyphus spina-christa plant. leave extract aqueous cold extract aqueous hot extract alcoholic cold extract alcoholic hot extract active substance - - - - glycosides carbohydrates alkaloides. phenolic compound and tanines flevonoides saponins resins - - - coumarins - - terpenes and steroids amine groups and liplds essential oils the phytochemical composition of z. spina-christi reported indicates the presence of betulic and ceanothic acids from the different species of the genus zizyphus, peptide and cyclopeptide alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, tannins, lipids, terpenes, alkaloids, carbohydrate, betulinic acid and triterpenoidal saponin glycosides have been isolated and chemically identified [4]. different extracts and fractions of the leaves of z. spina-christi. grown in egypt were investigated in vitro for their antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial activities. the flavonoids quercetin,hyperoside, rutin and quercetin-3-o-[_-xylosyl-(1–2)-_- rhamnoside] 4-o- rhamnoside) were isolated and showed activity against bacteria and fungi and also other pathogens that are normally quite resistant [4,25]. determination of mic and mbc the mic and mbc value of alcoholic hot extract was determined to all bacterial isolates. the mic of alcoholic hot extract was (25-50) mg/ml for s,typhi and aeromonas sp respectively , while p.aeruginosae k. pneumoniae and, s. marcescence showed a susceptibility at high concentration of mic (250 mg /ml) (table - 4) , and this depends on the anti bacterial effect of this extract upon the different pathogenic bacteria and mode of action . the result of mbc showed no bacteriocidal effect of alcoholic hot extract against all pathogenic bacteria that is included in this study at high concentration except s. typhi in concentration 50 mg/ml. table (4): the minimum inhibitory concentration(mics) of alcoholic hot extract against indicator pathogenic bacterial isolated. (mics) mg/ml indicator bacteria 75 e.coli 250 pseudomonas aeruginosae 250 klebsiella pneumoniae 50 aeromonas sp. 250 serratia marcescence 125 proteus mirabilis 25 salmonella typhi 100 s. typhi 97 125 s typhimurium 300 125 s . enteritidis. 134 detection of some virulence factor the results of detection of some virulence factors and biochemical tests from selected isolate s,tyhi, showed un ability of s,tyhi to produce hemolycin ,gelatinase ,urease and ferment lactose , but the capability to produce h2s , ferment glucose and mannitol. the effect of sub – mic of the ethanolic hot extract of plant was investigated on production of some virulence factor and biochemical tests that give positive reaction and the results indicate an inhibitory action on production of h2s, but did not effect on ferment glucose and mannitol at concentration 20 mg/ml. the inhibitory action of alcoholic extract (80%) is consolation to thej. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 99 subsistence soluble active compounds in alcoholic and aqueous which is detected in this study, included alkaloids, phenolic, flavonoides ,saponins , resins and tannins which act as inhibitors for enzymes and transport proteins in cell membrane [26], especially phenol compound interfere with proteins ,while flavonoides made complex compound with soluble proteins and extra cellular proteins [27]. in our study alcoholic hot extract exhibited strong activity against entero pathogenic bacterial isolates especially s. typhi, and offer an alternative method to treat drug resistant enteric infections and suggest that at least part of their action is due to their antibacterial propriety. isolation of total dna to investigate whether the antimicrobial action of zizyphus spina-christi extract was mediated by the effect on genetic material, an alcoholic hot extract was tested on the pathogenic bacterial dna, as a curried agent instead of other chemical agents such as acridine orange, ethidium bromide, mitomycin-c and others [28]. results illustrated in figure (1) shows that the local isolate s .tyhi (control without treated with extract) harbor two small plasmid bands (lane-1), on agarose gel , but the plasmid was lost when treated with plant extract and this indicate the extract had a curing effect on the plasmid at sub-mic concentration (20 mg/ml) (lane-3) these results in agreement with result of inhibit product of h2s from this isolate when treated with plant extract , so this leads to conclude the extract of zizyphus spina-christi may act as a cured agent to plasmid isolated from s.typhi at concentrations 20mg\ml. and this result may be confirmed by studies in future against others pathogeic bacteria . .shriram et al [29] reported a novel plasmid-curing compound was identified as 8-epidiosbulbin e acetate (eea) from dioscorea bulbifera l which exhibited broad-spectrum plasmid-curing activity against multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, shigella sonnei and pseudomonas aeruginosa with 12–48% curing efficiency ,and 16 - 64% from bacillus subtilis (pub110), e. coli (rp4), p. aeruginosa (rip64). and salmonella typhi (r136). fig ( 1 ) : agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid dna extracted from s.typhi treated with alcoholic hot extract of z. spina-christi (agarose concentration (0.7%),voltage 5volt/cm,during 2hr). lane 1 : plasmid profile of s.typhi without treated ( control). lane 2 : plasmid profile of s.typhi aftert treated with plant extract at concentration 15 mg\ml lane 3 : plasmid profile of s.typhi after treated with plant extract at concentration 20 mg\ml absorbent spectrum of dna in an infra red region vising infrared spectroscopy spectrum showed in figure (2) and (3) chromsome plasmi d 1 1 2 3j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 100 that the sub mics of alcoholic hot extracts of. zizyphus spina-christa (20 mg/ml) cause an alteration in nh 3 groups at wave band (1500-3200) cm -1 to ( 2098.41 , 2545.86) , and co group ( back bone for dna ) at wave band (1500-2800) cm -1 to (1535.23 , 1488.94 ) cm -1 . the po2 - groups (2500-2900) altered to 2545.86 cm -1 and 2862.12 cm -1 . two band appeared (1488.94, 1535.23) cm -1 after being treated with plant extract. these results indicate the possible effect of plant extracts on the conformation of the dna molecules affecting some of its biological functions. this result agrees with that of passat [30] who found that the sub mics of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of other plant such as. withenia. somnifera (4 mg / ml , 150 mg / ml) made an alteration in nh3 groups at wave band (2000-3100) cm-1 and co group at 1649 cm-1 , while the sub-mics of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of u. urens (20 mg / ml , 175 mg / ml) made changes in nh3 , co and po2- groups at the wave bands (2000-3100) , 1649 , 690-810 cm-1 respectively. in recent study used plant extracts in causing damage in dna, such as in de-oliveira et al [31] reported the ethanolic extract of casearia sylvestris and its clerodane diterpan can protect cell against dna damage induced by cyclophosphamide at low concentrations, but at high concentrations these compounds also induce dna damage. from all above, this study indicate clear result of variation in dna positions (hydrogenated) which sharing in obtaining variation values in biotic function and also whole cell level [32]. the results in last experiments in our study showed, the inhibitory action of the leaves extracted from zizyphus spina-christi on some virulence factors and genetic material against selective isolate s.tyhi. fig (2): vising infrared spectroscopy ( 400-5000) cm -1 showed the absorbency values of plasmid dna ( control ) not treated with alcoholic hot extract of z. spina-christi . fig (3): vising infrared spectroscopy ( 400-5000) cm -1 showed the absorbency values of plasmid dna after treated with alcoholic hot extract of z. spina-christi in concentration 20 mg/ml.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 101 references : 1- alzoreky ,n,s. and nakahara ,k.. 2003 . antibacterial activity of extracts from some edible plantscommonly consumed in asia . int.j. food microbiol., 80 : 223– 230. 2- dorman,h.i.d. and deans,s.d. 2000 . antimicrobial agents from plants : antimicrobial activity of plant volatile oils.j.appl.microbiol.88:308-316. 3- burt,s. 2004. essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods. int.j. food microbiol.,94:223 – 253 . 4- shahat a.a., pieters l., apers s., nazeif n.m., abdel-azim n.s., berghe dvanden., vlietinck a.j. 2001 .chemical and biological investigations on zizyphus spina-christi l., 15( 7) :.593-597. 5- abdel-zaher ,a.o, safa ,y. s.; assaf, m. h. , and abdel-hady, r. h. 2005. antidiabetic activity and toxicity of zizyphus spina-christi leaves. j. ethnopharmacol.101 : 129–138. 6- michel,g.c.; demiana i.n.and. manal,f.i. 2010. anti-diabetic activity and stability study of the formulated leaf extract of zizyphus spina-christi (l.) willd with the influence of seasonal variation. j. ethnopharmacol .5(5): 6320-6330. 7- hussein, m.h.; eman, m.e.and aataa, a.s. 2006. antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effect of zizyphus spina christa and zizyphus jujube in alloxan diabetic rats .int. j. pharmacol.2(5):563-570 8- murray, p.r., baron, e.j., pfaller, m.a., tenover, f.c., yolke, r.h., 1995 . manual of clinical microbiology, vol. 6th ed. asm, washington, dc. 9- macfaddin,j.f. 2000 .biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria.3ed lippincott williams and wilkins. 10- holt, j.g., krieg,n.r., sneath, h.a. staley,j.t. and williams,s.t. 1994 . berge’s manual of determinative bacteriology. 9 th (ed) williams and wilkins. u.s.a. 11- al-kazaraji,s.m. 1999 .biopharmacological study of artemisia herbaalba.m.sc.thesis, college of pharmacy – university of baghdad 12- harborne,j.b.(1973).phytochemica l methods.a guide to modern teqniques of plant analysis. chapman and hall,london. 13- alanis,a.d.;calzada,f.;cervantes,j .a.;torres. j.; and ceballons,g.m. 2005. antibacterial properties of some plants used in maxican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders .j.ethnopharmacol ,100.: 153-157. 14- el-falla,a.a.;and el-kattan.m.h. 1997 .effect of plant extracts on the mycelial growth of some cultivated mushrooms. egypt. j. microbial,32(1):41-48. 15- national committee for clinical laboratory standards(nccls). 2003. performance standards for disk susceptibility tests, 8th ed. approved standard m2-a8. national committee for clinical laboratory standards, wayne, pa. 16- geisman,t.a. 1962 .chemistry of flavonoid compound .macmillan co.,new york. 17- indian herbal pharmacopeia, (vol.1). 1998 .ajoint publication of regional research laboratory. council of scientific and industrial research.jammutawi.p:1-10. 18- al- abid,m.r. 1985 .aurzu sammen strungder abschla b membrane in phenix dactilyfra.wurzhurg university.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 102 wurzhurg,f.r. germany.cited by asmaa,o. 2002. .effect of teucrium polium extracts on the growth of some pathogenic microorganisms.m.sc. thesis submitted to the college of science,al-nahrain university. 19- vignolo g.m, suriani f., de ruiz holgado a.a.p., and oliver g.1993. antibacterial activity of lactobacillus strains isolated from dry fermented sausages. j. appl. bacteriol., 75; 344-349. 20- miles , r.s. and amyes s.g.b. 1996. laboratory control of antimicrobial therapy. in : collee, j.g. fraser, a.g., marmiom, b.p., and simmon, a. (eds.) mackie & mccarteny practical medical microbiology. 4th ed. churchill livingstone inc., usa. 21- pospiech t. and neumann . 1995. preparation and analysis of genomic and plasmid dna. (ed. kieser, t.). norwich, u.k. 22- sambrook j, and rusell dw. 2001. molecular cloning. a laboratory manual. third ed. cold spring harbor (ny): cold spring harbor laboratory press, n.y. 23- al-shamma,a.;kasal,n,;andal-hiti, m. 1989. screening of indigenous iraqi plant for alkaloids and antimicrobial activity . iraq .j.pharm.sci.,2(2):81-89. 24- al-bayatti,k.k;aziz,f.m.and issam,m.2010. astudy of antibacterial activity of cider z.spina christa on bacterial pathogens isolated from skin infection . acceptance letter for published in a[-mustansiriyah journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 25- nazif,n.m. 2002. pharmacognosy and chemistry of medicinalplants. egypt. foodchemistry76( 1) :77-81 26- greuloch , v.a. 1973. plant function and structure .the macmillan .co ., new york 27- cowan, m. m. 1999. plants products as antimicrobial agents. c. m. r. 12 (4) : 564 – 582. 28- trevorse, j.t. 1986 . plasmid curing in bacteria . fems. microbiol . rev . 32 : 149–157. 29- shriram,v.;, sheetal.j. c.;lathac, v. k.; vedavati ,p.; supada, r.; prashant ,k. d.and shitole, m.g. 2008 . a potential plasmid-curing agent, 8-epidiosbulbin e acetate,from dioscorea bulbifera l. against multidrug-resistant bacteria . int. j..antimicrob agents.32 : 405–410. 30- passat ,d.n.2006.the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of withania somnifera (l.) dun. and urtica urens (l.) in some virulence factors and plasmid dna in local isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa . m. sc thesis .college of science, university of baghdad. 31- de-oliveira,a.m.; dos-santos, a.g.; dos-santos, r.;csipak, a.r.; olivate, c.;silva,i.c.; freitas,m.b.; bassi, c.l.; cavalheiro, a.j.; bolzani, v.s.; silva, d.h.s.; sakamoto-hojo,e.t.; takahashi,c. and soares,c.p. 2009 . ethanolic extract of casearia sylvestria and its clerodane diterpen (caseargrewiin f) protect against dna damage at high concentrations and cause dna damage at high concentrations in mice’s blood cells. mutagenesis 24(6):501-506. 32- mourant, j. r. ; gibson, r. r. ; johnson, t. m. ; carpenter, s. ; short, k. w. ; yamada, y. r. and freyer, j. 2003 . methods for measuring the infrared spectra of biological cells. phys. med. biol. 48 : 243 – 257.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 103 نا طبثت ةىعمنا ةهئاعهن ةعباتنا ةرتكبنا تاضرممنا ضعبن ثارىنا enterobacteriaceae )قبننا( رذسنا تابن قاروا تاصهختسم واذختس اب zizyphus spina-christa لاذنق فزىج ىهن * يداهنا ذبع لاهتبا * مئاخم انمار * * داذغث خعيبخ / خئبحلاا دبمنا ىسل / وهعنا خهك ةصلاخنا : سذسنا دبج zizyphus spina-christa بهحي فشع زنا قاشعنا ظس ةخ ف عسا مكشث ا كجنا كجنا nabag بعفنا دشجزخا خساسذنا ز ف . از قاسلا خفهزخي دبصهخزسن خشزكجنا ذض خن صلاخزسلاا( ذهش زنا دبجنا سبحنا لحكنبث دسبجنا 80 ذض )دسبجنا سبحنا ئبنا صلاخزسلاا، ، % خغجصن خجنبسنا خشزكجنا دلاضعنا واشك زنا خعنا خهئبعهن دعر زنا ذهش pseudomonas aeruginosa escherchia coli ، mercesence serratia. . aeromonas sp klebsiella pneumoniae , shigella sp s. entritidis (134), salmonella typhi(97), salmonella. typhimurium (300) ، s. typhi.. proteus mirabilis . دشظأ صلاخزسلاا خمشط حءبفك حئبزنا سنا دبج قاسلأ سبحنا لحكنبث خيذخزسنا صلاخزسلاا قشط لبث ع سذ عحن ذل سذسنا دبج قاسلا خفهزخنا دبصهخزسهن خنبعفنا دبجكشنا زحي ع شحزنا خساسذنا ز ف ىر داذزججنا دبفلافنا داذهمنا دببزنا دلافنا هع بئازحا قاسلان خعنا فشكنا ي ف ،دبثبصنا داسذثسبكنا دسبجنا ئبنا ضهخزسنا سبحنا ئبنا ضهخزسنا ي مك شظ ىن ح دبدراشنا بدر بثبدا اسبجزخا دلاا ظجثنا ضكشزنا ذذحر بضأ خساسذنا ذهش . دبسبيكنا دبثشزنا ظجثنا ضكشزنا غهث را ،سبجزخلاا بشزكث دلاضع عخ بدرسذسنا دبج قاسلا سبحنا نحكنا ضهخزسهن مربمنا دلاا 25 خشزكجنا خنضعنا بدر مي/ىغهي s. typhi دا ظجثي ضكشر هعا غهث ح ف 250 بدر مي /ىغهي دلاضعنا klebsiella pneumonia mercesence serratia . pseudomonas aeruginosa ف شثبر دبجنا از قاسلا سبحنا نحكنا ضهخزسنا ذج ىن .بطجثر ف دلاضعنا لبث خهثبل ذبجر ح مربل ض خساسذنا ز ف خنشنا خشزكجنا دلاضعنا عخ ذض خيذخزسنا ضكاشزنا بشزكث ءبثزسبث s. typhi ذع ضكشر 50 بك. مي /ىغهي نحكنا ضهخزسنا شثبر طسد ( دلاا ظجثنا ضكشزنا ذحر ضكشزنا ف سبحنا 20 ) بشزكجن حاشضنا مياع ضعث بدر ىغهي . s. typhi. طجثي بك ب لا ـنا جبزا h2s ف شثأر ن ك ىن نا شخر صكهكنا لزب ، بشزكث ذيصلاجن ذحي اشثبر شظا بك s.typhi. خعشلاا واذخزسبث بذنا مهحر ذع . خئضدن خيبعنا خعضنا ف اشغر بثذحا ذل لاعاضكشزنا ذع سبحنا نحكنا ضهخزسنا ا ذخ ءاشحنا ذحر ـنا dna نبزنبث بثنا تكشزنا خحب ي سادا ضعث هع .خحنا خفظناj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 101 allelopathic potential of myrtle, myrtus communis l. upon some crops umran h. k. bapeer* received 24, october, 2009 accepted 23, february, 2011 abstract: many experiments were achieved to determine the allelopathic potential of the plant myrtle parts in which it may affects other plants, like: volatile substances which released from the myrtle leaves , and its effect examined on the germination (ge) and growth (gr) of the selected crops ; chickpea ( c ) , wheat(w) , and lentil (l)., the aqueous extract of the leaf and the root of the plant examined to test its effect on the (ge) and (gr) of the selected crops ; (c) , (w) , and (l)., also plant residue of (m) and its effect tested on the (ge) and (gr) of the selected crops ; ( c ) , (w) , and (l) . experiments proceeded on spring 2007 in the greenhouse conditions , and main results which found were that; the effect of the volatile substances released from the myrtle plant was so great and reached significant levels in all cases and with all tested crops .whereas, the effect of the other pathways were only in an obvious states and only in the following cases reached a significant levels which were; - the case of the effect of the plant residue on the(gr) of root , shoot , and seedlings of the selected crops ; ( c ),(w) ,and ( l) .-the case of the effect of the plant residue on the (gr) of (w) seeds. the case of the effect of the aqueous extract of the root of the myrtle plant on the (ge) of the (c ) seeds β- and finally, the case of the effect of the aqueous extract of the root on the (gr) of the root, shoot, and the seedlings of (l). key words: myrtle, allelopathy, volatile substances, germination, aqueous plant extract, plant residue, crops. introduction: allelopathy is often an important ecological process in regulating plant population in agricultural ecosystems [1]. today, research in allelopathy is conducted by weed scientists, crop scientists, plant ecologists, microbial ecologists, community ecologists, agroecologists and natural products chemists, amongst others, often using an interdisciplinary approach. the number of multi-author books on the subject has increased in recent years [2, 3]. evidence for allelopathic interactions in nature by plants with allelopathic potential which play their rule by many ways; the plant may release allelopathic substances from their roots as aqueous leaching from the residual dead parts in the soil, or from the leaves as volatile substances [1, 4 and 5]. some plants with allelopathic effect (donor ) may affect the other neighbor plants (receiver) by releasing volatile substances, and essential, oils from their leaves [6] like the leaves of eukalyptus trees affecting surrounding plants [ 7 ] , and like many species of brassica do upon the studied species plants like , wheat and lettuce [8] . it is necessary to approach many researches and studies in this field about the different plants species to test their allelopathic potential , so that *dept. of biology college of science education university of salahaddin. kurdistan region, iraqj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 101 finally facilitate to prepare long lists of the plants with their allelopathic force, which then might used as biological herbicides instead of the industrial , chemical man- made herbicides (4),which affected not only the useful untarged companion plants, but, also the disadvantages in using such herbicides such as; long lasting (undegradable), accumulation, and it may form long –term pollutant in the soil [9 and 10].the goal of this study was to record the strong effect of myrtle plant myrtus commnis l. in which expected to affect some selected species, myrtle plant contains an essential oil with several phloroglucinols , they are considered responsible for the plant’s antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as polyphones , such as flavonoids, ursolic acid , and several volatile compounds. phytochemical studies on myrtaceaeous plants have led to investigations into the biological properties of tannins and related polyphenolic compounds isolated from the leaves of m. communis [11]. also the leaves release volatile compounds like methyl jasmonate and alpha pinene and non volatile like β- cumaric acid [12]. materials and methods: selection of plant species: three crops were chosen, because of their economic importance in iraq, which they enter the iraqi individual meal; these three crops are widely planted in iraqi agriculture fields. the three crops are: triticum aestivum l. which belong to the poaceae family, cicer arietinum l.which belong to family leguminosae, which its origin is from southern europe, now a day planted in arabian area. and lens culinaris medic.,which belong to the fabaceae family, it considered as most ancient cereal which was used as foodstuff by the man , because of its high percentage of protein 29% [13]. myrtle or yas, myrtus cmmunis l. had been used as a donor of the allelochemical potential which is an evergreen shrub distributed throughout mediterranean ecosystems. in addition to its use as an herb and culinary spice, m. communis has been employed in folk medicinal practices as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory agent and in the treatment of diabetes mellitus [11].the plant is beautiful even aromatic shrub and considered medicinal especially the leaves which possess a stringent properties and is given in cerebral affections, epilepsy and pulmonary disorders and in disease of stomach and liver. the so-called myrtle oil which obtained by steam distillation of the leaves is used in soap odor and it possesses disinfectant; anti respiratory and tannin and resin which used in flavoring wines and foods [14]. also it used as fences plant around the parks and gardens in many iraqi cities .the plant were collected from the garden of science education college in salahaddin university which used as fence around the passages and paths . effects of volatile substances released from myrtle leaves on germination of selected crop seeds; the method of oleszek, [8] was used, the system prepared as below: fresh leaves of myrtle were collected on april, 2007. the leaves were chopped manually and 30 g. was weighted and placed in a watch glass and placed on a plastic cylinder , then the two placed in the middle of ,the bottom of the jar covered with a filter paper , ten seeds of the tested crop and then the paper was wetted by adding 10 ml of distilled water finally the jar was covered with peace of transparent glass and placed in the greenhouse in which the temperature was 25 0 c, withj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 101 relative humidity 70% and day light tendency,( figure 1 ). the control established in the same manner, without the chopping leaves. this was done to each crop seed and with three replications to each crop and so done to the control of each crop (taken in consider to assuring the viability of the seeds by proceeding a small bioassay of viability test). the experiment was carried out for 7 days. then the germination of each crop seeds was counted and the results were analyzed statistically using statistical analysis of t-test, under the level of 0.05, [15, 16 and 4]. all other experiments were compared with their controls. effect of volatile substances released from myrtle leaves, on growth of selected crops seedlings: the germinated seeds were reduced from the previous experiment jars to 3 seedlings in each one randomly and planted in plastic pots with capacity of 250 g which contains,200 g of clean, washed with commercial clorox , and dry sand in each . then watered with 50 milliliters of distilled water in each pot and placed in the controlled condition for further 8 weeks. at the end of the experiment the length of the seedlings, shoots and the roots were measured. then the results were analyzed statically. effect of soil around roots of myrtle on seed germination of selected crops: the method used in this experiment was the method of al- saadawi and rubeae, [17]. we took the moist soil around the root of the donor plant in the field and placed 300g in each non- perforated pot with capacity of 500 milliliters and ten seeds were planted of each crop seed , with five replications to each crop , watered with a appropriate amount of distilled water and the pots were covered with glassy petri- dish to minimize evaporation and to protect from dryness . all pots of the control were treated in a similar manner as in treatment pots with exception of the soil which here replaced with a same characteristic soil and same habitat but, it collected far from the myrtle rhizospheres (bare land which were neither contaminated with pesticides nor provided with fertilizers). at the end of the experiment the germination was recorded and the results were analyzed statistically [15]. effect of residue of myrtle on growth of selected crop seedlings: in the end of the previous experiment the seedlings in each pot were reduced to three seedlings in each randomly, and then the experiment was conducted for further eight weeks in the same controlled condition. the pots were watered as necessary with distilled water. in the end of the experiment the plants were removed from the pots cleaned and washed with tap water then their lengths were measured separately with measuring scale, then the results were analyzed statistically. effect of aqueous extract of myrtle plant on selected crops: the method used in this experiment was that of al-saadawi et al., [16]. a suitable amount of the leaves and the roots were collected freshly and separately, and then these were washed and cleaned under tap water separately. then these were scattered on a sheath of nylon in room temperature and left to dry, then crushed with an electric homogenizer and turned to powder separately, 30 g was weighted from each part and placed in a thimble of the soxhlet apparatus which was already containing 300 ml of 70% ethanol as aj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 101 solvent and the system was heated on a mantle heater on 70 c o . temperature for 24 h. then the solvent was evaporated with rotary evaporator (model; heidolph-borta4000/germany) to dryness, and then the remaining substances were dissolved in 300 ml distilled water. for control treatment, all steps were repeated with the exception of the plant powder which was excluded and the test was completed with empty thimble apparatus for control treatment. after completing steps above, 1% concentration for each part of the donor plant was prepared by the dilution of the 300 ml aqueous extract to the demanded concentration which was 1% [4]. and then the extraction was ready to be use in the following experiments. effect of aqueous extract of myrtle on germination of selected crop seeds: we used here the clean sand bioassay technique, as an inert substrate, using hoagland's solution strength as rich nutrient [18]. in the present study 20 ml of the certain extract with 30 ml of hoagland solution to each non- perforated pot which contain 200 gm of clean sand was used, then we planted 10 seeds of each tested plant per pot with five replications to each crop. for control treatment only 50 ml of hoagland solution was added (without the extract). pots were covered with petri- dishes which are fit to the top to minimized evaporation, and protect the seedlings from dryness, then the pots were scattered randomly in the green house under the possible controlled conditions for 7 days. at the end of the experiment the germination was measured and the results were analyzed statistically. effect of aqueous extract of myrtle plant on growth of selected crop seedlings; at the end of the previous experiment the plant were reduced in each pot to three seedlings randomly, and the experiment was continued for further 8 weeks. the pots were watered with enough of hoagland's solution to prevent them from dryness. the seedlings were cleaned and washed with tap water, then the length of each seedling was measured with measuring scale, then the results were analyzed statistically as the rest experiments. results and discussion: effect of volatile substances released from the leaves of myrtle plant on germination of seeds and growth of selected crop seedlings; the results show that the volatile substances released from the myrtle leaves have a significant effect on the germination of the selected crops in all treatments and all seeds were inhibited severely comparing with the control seeds (table, 1). the great effect was on the germination of the lentil seeds , and then on the germination of chick pea seeds , and finally the effect on the wheat seeds were less affected , which the inhibition percentages were ; 30% , 28% , and 22.6% respectively . all effects were significant in the level of 0.05% by the t test analysis. the experiments revealed that the volatile substances have a great effect on growth of the selected crops shown clearly table 2. the length measuring as a parameter of growth showed significant inhibition of the shoot, root, and whole plants length. the inhibition percentage of the seedlings were respectively on the seedling of the chick pea ,wheat , and lentil were : 79.71% , 74.24% , and 71.07%, respectively. all these effects showed significant differences with theirj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 101 controls by using t test at the level of 0.05. this kind of results and inhibitory capacity of our study plant deal with many other studies on other plants in which such inhibitory effect well known and even well documented [8] studied the effect of the volatile substances released from the leaves of brassica nigra l. which strongly inhibited the germination and growth of lactuca sativa l. and echinocloa crusgali l.plants. bell and muller in 1973 also get similar results when they studied the failure of the seed germination then growth suppression of avena fatua l. when planted near mustard plant [1]. also these results proved that the leaves is the main pathway by which myrtle affect the other pants by the allelochemical substances which identified to be ten polyphenolic compounds, including four hydrolysable tannins, two related polyphenols, and four flavonoid glycosides [11]. effect of plant residue of myrtle on germination and growth of selected crops: the seeds of the selected crops affected by some kind of inhibitors gained from the mixture of plant residue added to the soil, and the evidence on this statement is what found in table 3. in which the percentages of the germination of all crop seeds were so low that in two crops; chickpea and wheat reached significant level using statistical analysis of t-test, under the level of 0.05, the inhibition percentages were respectively; 25.6% in chickpea and 22.09% in wheat seeds. but in lentil crop the inhibition never reached significant levels, only remained in obvious affection; 4.71%. (table, 3). the least affected crop was chick pea seedlings which only the inhibition of the growth was in an obvious level and the length mean of the seedling inhibition percentage reached 6.75%, when compared with control seedlings. the effect of the two other crops were significant and the inhibition were significant in the length of the seedlings as whole , as well as the length of the shoots and of the roots of the selected crops ; which were significant effect in the wheat seedlings and its root and shoot as well which was 27.44% .the lentil faced significant effect too, in which the inhibition percentage was reached 11.93% ,when compared with control plants (table , 4) . these results were very reasonable when compared with other new researches such as what was found by [19], when he studied the effect of the plant residues of sunflower, corn, soy bean and weeds like echinocloa colonum, amaranthus reflexus and portulaca oleracea ,the highest of sunflower straw caused a significant decreases in the germination percentage , the stem diameter ,the value of the leave area index ,and the studied plant heights. in another study, ahmed, [13], noticed same effects of the straw of wheat triticum aestivum l. and lentle, lens culinaris medic. when studied the germination percentage and other parameters of the two crops. effect of aqueous extract of root, and shoot of myrtle on germination and growth of selected crops: the aqueous extract of the root was not effect able to the germination of the chick pea and the wheat seeds absolutely, as it showed in table 5. but, this solution had a clear effect on the lentil seeds which was 15.79%, while the aqueous extract of the shoot have a significant effect on the germination on the chick pea seeds and it reached 78.46%. the other cropj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 101 seeds are not affected by the extract. as we noticed, instead of inhibitory effects of the aqueous extract upon the germination of the crop seeds we found adverse and even stimulate effects (the amount of the stimulation excluded from the results because of the main aim of the study), and these stimulatory effects are common among the plants such as which found by [13], when studied wheat and lentil crops. the aqueous extract of the roots of myrtle had strong inhibition suppression and it reached significant levels only in the average of the shoot length and seedlings length of the lentil crop which was 20.2, and 24.08 cm respectively, and the inhibition percentage reached 23.31%. while, the root of this crop not significantly affected at all. there were no significant effect on the root , shoot , and seedlings of the crop chick pea which only the effect of the extract was notable on the root , shoot and the seedlings of the chick pea lengths,(6.5 ,25.4 , and 31.9 cm), respectively. the inhibition percentage reached 15.94% when compared with the control seedlings of chick pea. the effect of the extract of the myrtle on the wheat seedlings were just in an observed state and do not reached significant levels, as expected, which the effect of the root extract the length of the root , shoot , and the seedlings were ( 6.50 , 22.10 , 28.60 cm respectively). the inhibition percentage on the whole seedlings length when compared with the length of the control seedlings was only 1.72%. also the effect of the shoot extract of myrtle was observed on the root ,shoot , and the seedling length of the wheat crop which were : (6.55 , 15.85 , and 22.4cm. respectively ) , and the inhibition percentage reached 22.13% when the seedling of the treatment compared with the seedlings length of the control. we found in the present study, little effect of the aqueous extract and such inhibitory effects upon growth of the crops is common and observed also by many other investigators [20, 21 and 22]. table (1): effects of the volatile substances released from the myrtle leaves on germination of selected crop seeds a : crop types treatments percentage of germination percentage of inhibition chickpea control 96.70 0.00 treatment 72.00 b 28.00 lentil control 100.00 0.00 treatment 70.00 b 30.00 wheat control 96.70 0.00 treatment 77.40 b 22.60 a: each number in the table is the average of three replication , and each replication contain (10) seeds . b: this has significant differences comparing with control under the level of 0.05 using t. test. table (2): effects of the volatile substances released from the myrtle leaves, on growth of selected crop seedlings a : crop seedling treatmen t average of the length in cm. shoot____root_____seedlin g percentag e inhibition chickpe a control 6.70 5.08 11.78 0.00 treatment 2.00 b 2.39 b 4.39 b 79.71 lintel control 12.01 6.00 18.01 0.00 treatment 2.01 b 3.20 b 5.21 b 71.07 wheat control 13.55 14.01 27.50 0.00 treatment 4.20 b 2.90 b 7.10 b 74.24 a: each number in the table is the average of three replication , and each replicate contain three plants . b: this has significant differences with the control under the level of 0.05 by using t. test . table (3): effects of the plant residue of myrtle on germination of seed of selected crops a : selected seed crops treatment percentage of germination percentage of inhibition chickpea control 90.03 0.00 treated seed 67.00 b 25.60 lentil control 84.00 0.00 treated seed 81.00 4.71 wheat control 85.00 0.00 treated seed 66.22 22.09 a: each number in the table is the average of three replication , and each replicate contain (10) seeds. b: this has significant differences with the control under the level of 0.05 by using t. test.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 110 table (4): effects of the plant residue of myrtle on growth of selected crops a crop type treatment average of the length in cm. shoot____root_____seedling percentage of inhibition chickpea control 20.90 9.02 29.92 0.00 treatment 17.50 10.40 27.90 6.75 lentil control 25.25 8.02 33.27 0.00 treatment 24.10 b 5.20 b 29.30 b 11.93 wheat control 20.52 9.54 30.06 0.00 treatment 14.64 b 7.02 b 21.66 b 27.44 a: each number in the table is the average of three replication , and each replicate contain three plants . b: this has significant differences with the control under the level of 0.05 by using t. test . table (5): effects of the aqueous extract of root and leaf of myrtle on germination of selected crop seeds a : crop type treatment percentage of germination percentage of inhibition chickpea control 65.00 0.00 root exudate 80.60 0.00 leaf exudate 14.02 b 78.46 lentil control 95.20 0.00 root exudate 80.00 15.79 leaf exudate 97.50 0.00 wheat control 55.10 0.00 root exudate 90.00 0.00 leaf exudate 82.65 0.00 a: each number in the table is the average of three replications , and each replicate contain (10) seeds . b: there is significant differences comparing with the control , under the level of 0.05 using t. test . table (6): effects of root and leaf extract of myrtle plant on growth of selected crops a : crop plant type of extract selected plant parts mean of plant (in cm) percentage of inhibition chickpea control root 6.28 shoot 31.67 seedling 37.95 0.00 root extract root 9.80 shoot 33.50 seedling 42.50 0.00 leaf extract root 6.5 shoot 25.40 seedling 31.90 15.94 lentil control root 5.50 shoot 25.90 seedling 31.40 0.00 root extract root 3.88 shoot 20.20 b seedling 24.08 b 23.31 leaf extract root 4.55 shoot 25.00 seedling 29.55 5.9 wheat control root 8.01 shoot 20.90 seedling 28 .91 0.00 root extract root 6.50 shoot 22.10 seedling 28.60 1.72 leaf extract root 6.55 shoot 15.85 seedling 22.40 22.18 a: each number in the table is mean of (9) replicates b: it differ from the control plants significantly by t. test at the degree of freedom 0.05 . fig.1 .schematic representation of germination system (8). references: 1. rice, e.l. 1984. allelopathy 2 nd ed. academic press. new york. usa. 2. kohli, r.k., d. batish, and sing, h.p. 1998. allelopathy and its applications in agro ecosystems .j. of crop. prod. 1 (1): 169-202. 3. reigosa m, pedrol, n.2002. allelopathy: from molecules to ecosystems. enfield, nh: science publishers, inc. 4. bapeer, u.h.k. 1991. biochemical interference of sorghum bicolor (l.) moench. with some crops and weeds. msc. thesis salahaddin univ. college of education, erbil, iraq. 5. goran, y.a.r. 2004. a study of the allelopathic potential of rice oryza sativa l. and barley hordium vulgare on wheat, barley cultivars and some weeds. ph.d. thesis, univ. of salahaddin. erbil. 6. yadegarinia,d.,gachkar,l.,rezaei ,m.b.,taghizadeh,m.,astaneh,s.a .and,rasooli, 2006.biochemical activities of iranian mentha piperita l. and myrtus communis l. essential oils. phytochemistry, 67(12):1249-1255. 7. al- mousawi, a. h. 1974. allelopathic effect of eucalyptusj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 111 microthica. m.sc. thesis, college of science, univ. baghdad .iraq. 8. oleszek, w. 1987. allelopathic effects of volatiles from some cruciferae species on lettuse, baryard grass and wheat growth. plant and soil, 202-273. 9. turk, a. wittes, g.t., turk, j. and wittes,r. 1978. environmental science w.b. saunders co.pilladelphia.usa. 10. cuningham, w. p. and saigo, b.w. 2002.environmental science (6 th ed.).mc graw hill higher education. 11. yoshimura,m., amakura,y.,tokyhara,m. and yoshida,t. 2008. polyphenolic compounds isolated from the leaves of myrtus communis l. j. nat. med. 62:366-368. 12. wier,t.l.,park,s. and vivanco,j.m. 2004. biochemical and physiological mechanisms mediated by allelochemicals.j. of plant biology. 7:472-479. 13. ahmed, l.q. 2007.study on the effects of wheat straw and intercropping of common wheat triticum aestivum l.and lentil lens culinaris medic. m.sc. thesis salahaddin univ., college of agricultur, erbil iraq. 14. chakravarty,h.l. (1976).plant wealth of iraq (a dictionary of economic plants).baghdad botany directorate ministry of agriculture & agrarian reform. v. (1). 15. david, i. 1977. elements of statistical interference.9 th ed. usa. 16. al-saadawi, i. s., al- uqaili, j. k. al- rbeaa, a. j., and al- hadithy, s. m. 1986. allelopathic suppression of weed and nitrification by selected cultivars of sorghum bicolor (l.) pers. j. chem. ecol. 12: 209-219. 17. al- saadawi, i. s. and rubeaa, a. j. 1985. allelopathic effect of citrus aurantium l. vegetational patterning. j chem. ecol. 11: 1515-1525. 18. hoagland, d.r. and arnone, d.i. 1950. the water culture method for growing plants without soil .calif. agric. experiment. sta.cir. no. 347. 19. bradosty, s.o.a. 2007. allelopathic potential of sunflower, helianthus annus l. and its effect on growth and yield of some summer crops and a companion weeds.m.sc. thesis, salahaddin univ. college of agriculture, erbil, iraq. 20. cheema, z.a.,and khaliq, a. 2000. use of sorghum allelopathic properties to control weed in irrigated. agric. environ. 79 (2-3): 105-112. 21. qasem,j.r., 1993. allelopathic effects of nettle leaves goose foot chenopodium murale on wheat and barley, dirasat, 20(1): 80-94. 22. velu, g. and rajagopal, a. 1996. allelopathic impact of purple nustedge cyperus rotundus and bermuda grass, cynodon dactylon on soy bean glycine max. indian j. of agric. sci. 66: 363-365.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 112 ليصاحملا ضعب دض سايلا تابنل يثابوليللاا ريثأتلا ريباب ربنق هيسح نارمع * * ةايحنا وىهع ىسق – تيبزخنا تيهك واسقلأا تيهعنا – يذنا حلاص تعياج - قازعنا/اخسدزك ىيهقا ةصلاخلا : ةزبخخنا ميصاحنا ثارداب ىو روذب ثابا هع اهب زثؤح يخنا ساينا ثابن يثابىهينلاا ذهجنا ذيذحخن براجح ةذع جيزجا ى هع اهحازيثأح تساردو ساينا قاروا ي ةزياطخنا داىنا كهسي مثي تفهخخنا اهكناسبو ,)تطحناو سذعناو صحنا( ارد كنذكو.ةزبخخنا ميصاحنا ثاباو ثابا هع اهحازيثأحو ثابهن. )تيزضخناو تيرذجنا( تيئانا ثاصهخخسنا كهسي تس زجاو, ةزبخخنا ثاحابنا هع اهحازيثأح تظحلايو سايهن تيحابنا ثافهخنا زيثأح تسارد, ازيخاو. ةزبخخنا ميصاحنا ى و عيبر يف يجاجزنا جيبنا فوزظ يف ثحبنا 2001 ثأح يه ثحبنا جئاخ ىها و تيزهىج جاك يخناو ةزياطخنا داىنا ثازي تفاك ةزبخخنا ثاحابنا ىو ثابا هع , هع تيحابنا ثافهخنا تناح, يذع تظىحهي جاك يزخلاا كناسنا ثازيثاح كنذكو ناح يف, ازيخأو صحنا ثابا هع ساينا روذجن تيئانا ثاصهخخسنا تناح يفو تطحناو صحهن اقيسناو روذجنا ى ت طقف ثلااحنا ذه يف يخناو .طقف سذعنا لىصحن تيزضخنا تعىجناو روذجنا ى هع روذجهن تيئانا ثاصهخخسنا . تيزهىجنا ثازيثأخنا دوذح نا جهصوj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 113 c-reactive protein and cholesterol level in male type 2 diabetic patients. samal h. kareem* majid a. naseif al-bayati* noor a. abood** received 15, march, 2010 accepted 7, march, 2011 abstract: elevated c-reactive protein (crp) level in serum is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes ,this relationship is likely to be the cause it means elevated crp leads to t2d in future . our objective was to examine crp in male type 2 diabetes(t2d) patients in different age ,we studied 120 male subjects divided to two groups according to their age. first group a age (31 - 40) year old ,60 person )30 control & 30 t2d patients(,3 person for each same age: second group b age (41 – 50) years old ,60 person )30 control & 30 t2d patients(,3 person for each same age. we examined blood sugar ,cholesterol and crp in each group. and we toke the mean of samples in the same age in each data in all the 4 groups. our data shows that crp raised significantly p0.05 in group a(t2d) and in group b(t2d) comparing with control group of each .and cholesterol levels, and sugar levels raised significantly p0.05 in group a(t2d) and in group b(t2d) comparing with control group of each. crp ,cholesterol and sugar are higher in group b(t2d) than in group a(t2d),and in group b (control) than in group a (control). crp level can predict diabetes but not causal, diabetes may cause a kind of inflammation (showed by high crp) by its effect on body and this effect (inflammation) may cause rising crp level. key words: c-reactive protein , cholesterol ,t2d , inflamation , il. introduction: elevated blood sugar levels can cause a variety of health problems , including damage to the eyes , kidneys , nerves , blood vessels and atherosclerosis [fatty deposits build up in the inner lining of arteries] [1]. it has been suggested that testing crp level in blood may be additional way to assess cardiovascular system and predicted diabetes [2]. a growing number of studies have examined whether crp can predict recurrent cardiovascular diseases , stroke and death in different setting .high levels of crp predict recurrent coronary event in patient with unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction [ heart attack ]. high crp also associated with lower survival rates in these patients .high crp may increase the risk that an artery will reclose after it's been opened by balloon angioplasty [2]. crp and diabetes : crp is a non specific marker of systemic inflammation that predicts incident type 2 diabetes (t2d)[3,4].several population based observation studies suggest an independent role for crp in development of insulin resistance (ir) [ problem in target-cell *department of biology ,college of science , al- mustansireah university. **biotechnology ,college of science, al- mustansireah university.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 114 hyporesponsivness to insulin ,a factor that combine to cause t2d] [5,6] . a growing body of data [7,8] reinforced the concept that inflammation also play an important role in the prior linkage of insulin resistance (ir) [9],and crp one of the acute phase protein that increase during inflammation [2],evidence exists for the prior linkage of ir as a proinflammatory state that may have existed for years before occurrence of t2d [9]. much evidence exists that inflammatory mechanisms play a major role in the cascade of events that results in rupture of atherosclerotic plaque. up regulation of receptors for advanced glycation end products has been associated with enhanced inflammatory reactions. increased expression of these receptors has been found to be associated with impaired glycemic control and may be a contributory factor in the complex array of mechanisms that leads to accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes [10]. in the nearly 6,000 participants in the cardiovascular health study whose circulating levels of inflammatory markers were determined both at baseline and after 3-4 years of follow-up, those who developed diabetes had higher measured levels of crp than those who remained euglycemic. in addition, those with elevated levels of crp were found more likely to develop diabetes over the course of the study [11]. in a nested case-control study carried out as part of the women's health study among initially non diabetic participants who developed diabetes over the course of the study, median baseline levels of il6 and crp were significantly higher among case than among control subjects (p 0.001), and increasing levels of both markers were associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes[12] .increased crp levels predicted the new onset of diabetes [13]. the monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease augsburg project involved 2,052 men who were non diabetic at baseline. during an average follow-up of 7.2 years, 101 cases of diabetes occurred. participants with crp levels in the highest quartile had a 2.7-fold greater risk of development of diabetes than those in the lowest quartile[14]. the results of this study suggest the potential involvement of inflammatory mechanisms in the development of diabetes. interestingly, the findings of the strong heart study, carried out in an american indian population with a high prevalence of diabetes, showed that crp elevations were strongly related to the presence of cardiovascular disease among non diabetic women but not among diabetic women or among men, irrespective of glycemic status. thus, the predictive value of crp elevations may vary among subsets of populations [15]. also patients with low testosterone and t2d have high concentration of crp which increase their risk of developing atherosclerosis and heart diseases above the risk associated with diabetes [16]. because of the relationship between crp & cholesterol with {heart disease and atherosclerosis} we decided to study the level of crp and cholesterol in patient with t2d in men and to determine the future incidence of heart attack in those patients by taking crp level as a detector. materials and methods : blood samples were collected from 120 male person ,those 120 were divided to two groups. 1- group a :- contain 60 person aged from 31 to 40 years old {30 controlj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 115 normal, 3 person for each same age & 30 person t2d previously diagnosed, 3 person for each same age}. 2- group b :- contain 60 person aged from 41 to 50 years old {30 control normal ,3 persons for each same age & 30 person t2d previously diagnosed , 3 persons for each same age}. serum was taken from these samples then we tested sugar ,cholesterol and c-reactive protein according to the methods in each kit. sugar and cholesterol :-by using special kite by (biomegrib) to measure the blood sugar, (spinreact) kite used to measure cholesterol in blood. c-reactive protein :by (plasatec) kite, plasmatec laboratory products ltd. u.k. statistical analysis: t. test was emplaced to study the significance of differences between data in the present work by least significant differences (lsd) p0.05 using (sas 2001) program [17]. results: in group a: table (1) and fig. (1) there is a significant increase p0.05 in sugar and cholesterol between (control and t2d) .crp in group a shows no significant difference between control and t2d in group a. table (2) and fig. (2) our data shows significant differences p0.05 in group b between (control & t2d) in sugar , level ,cholesterol and crp which is higher in t2d group than in control group . table (1) and table(2) shows also differences between group a and group b :all data {sugar , cholesterol and crp} in group b (t2d) are more than group a(t2d) and all data in group b (control) are more than group a (control). table (1): group a: age {31-40} years: sugar ,cholesterol & crp in both (control and t2d) *. age sugar. mg/dl cholesterol. mg/dl crp control t2d control t2d control t2d 31 180 321 150 249 - 32 170 243 160 218 - 33 100 245 175 228 - 34 120 198 133 205 - - 35 80 334 130 235 - 36 185 260 180 245 - - 37 125 327 170 266 - 38 130 280 180 205 - 39 200 387 200 271 40 100 271 200 173 mean se 139.00 13.18 286.60 17.51 167.80 7.77 222.90 9.02 0.40 0.16 0.60 0.16 ** ab ab aa lsd 46.06 25.03 0.48 *control contain 30 persons ( 3 persons for each age) & t2d contain 30 persons (3 persons for each age) ** : means with the different letters are significantly different p0.05 , between control and t2d.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 116 table (2): group b: age {41 - 50} years: sugar ,cholesterol & crp in both (control and t2d) *. age sugar. mg/dl cholesterol. mg/dl crp control t2d control t2d control t2d 41 95 346 170 260 - 42 210 385 190 271 43 100 371 160 280 - 44 210 445 210 310 - 45 120 439 159 277 - 46 170 385 160 210 - - 47 110 480 176 333 - 48 180 510 200 250 - 49 195 320 200 246 50 200 435 300 254 mean se 159.00 14.99 411.60 19.01 191.90 13.42 269.10 10.87 0.30 0.15 0.90 0.10 ** ab ab ab lsd 50.87 36.30 0.38 *control contain 30 persons ( 3 persons for each age) & t2d contain 30 persons (3 persons for each age) ** : means with the different letters are significantly different p0.05 , between control and t2d. 0 200 400 600 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 cholesterol control cholesterol t2d fig. (1):cholesterol level in group a:showing levels of cholesterol with age in control group {under} and in t2d group {above}. 0 200 400 600 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 cholesterol control cholesterol t2d fig. (2):cholesterol level in group b:showing levels of cholesterol with age in control group {under} and in t2d group {above}. discussion: many researches and studies show that elevated crp is associated with ir and t2d [3,4,16,18]. others mentions that systemic crp levels are not related or responsible for development of ir , hyperglycemia or diabetes [2,18],that: [3,4,16,18] goes with our results (table 1 and 2) , to clear the pathophysiological side of this result we have to discuss . the relation between crp and diabetes . the meager inglorious factors such as cigarette smooching , hypertension , atherogenic lipoprotein , alcohol , with an healthy diet and obesity .all these factors with aging gives rise to a variety of noxious stimuli that cause the release of chemicals that activation cells involved in the inflammation process [2]. systemic crp levels are not responsible for development of ir , this finding predict the possibility that inflammation signals contribute to causal processes leading to diabetes [19], so the association between systemic crp and diabetes risk is not causal . if glucose intolerance and ir have inflammation mediators there should be sough among cytokines and chemicals factors secreted to control inflammation such as interleukins [ il6 & il1] and tumor necrotic factors [tnfά] [20].the gene expression of crp accrue mainly in hepatocytes regulated by il6 originated from adiposities and immune tissues . this cytokines and tnfά are candidate mediators for proposed link between inflammation , il6 and crp [21]. other inflammation mechanisms suchj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 117 as complement pathway may also be important [22]. so inflammation caused by bad habits with aging and obesity lead to diabetes , and elevated crp levels under the effect of cytokines especially (il6) & (tnfά) which express crp gene. that is why crp in )table 1 & in table 2( is significantly higher in group a (t2d)than control group and in group b (t2d) crp is also higher than control group. we are aware that technique used in our research to determine crp rather than hs-crp used in other research may explain the differences data between researches with respect to genital variation . other reason that crp are much higher in women than in men since sex-crp interaction .life style with some endemic diseases in population can effect crp levels[23].by all the above we can understand the differences between our data and other researches[2,18]how mentions that systemic crp levels are not related or responsible for development of ir , hyperglycemia or diabetes. the significant increase in cholesterol in table 1 & table 2 between control and t2d is because: when the ir or diabetes accrue, the body will use adipose tissue as source of energy instead of sugar ,that will increase cholesterol , fatty acids [hyperlipidemia] in blood. on the other hand it may be due to inflammation caused by diabetes. elevation of cholesterol is due to inflammation and high ldl cholesterol in t2d patients [18]. the differences between group a (control) and group b (control) is may be due to aging and life style .and differences between group a (t2d) and group b (t2d) is due to chronic inflammation lead to high il6 & tnfά lead to high crp [20]& high cholesterol due to chronic diabetes with respect to age factor. in conclusion crp level can predict diabetes but not the causal ,by the effect of inflammation accompanied the t2d cases: this is important because research have to focus on inflammation not on crp to treat future diabetes. genital variation between population ,different technique and sex may give interfere with crp data in t2d , t2d have high cholesterol level respectively with high sugar level. which increased with aging. references: 1. ganong,w.f. 2003. review of medical physiology. twenty –first edition., lange medical books /mcgraw-hill, medical publishing division.p:351. 2. ridker; p.m.; buring, j.e.; cook, n,r. 2003. c-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy american women. circulation. 107: 391–397. 3. kim, f.; pham, m.; luttrell, i.; bannerman, d.d. and tupper, j. 2007.toll-like receptor-4 mediates vascular inflammation and insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity. circ res 100: 1589–1596. 4. hotamisligil, g.s. 2006. inflammation and metabolic disorders. nature 444: 860–867. 5. barzilay, j.i.; abraham, l.; heckbert, s.r.; cushman, m. and kuller, l.h. 2002. the relation of markers of inflammation to the development of glucose disorders in the elderly. diabetes 50: 2384– 2389. 6. freeman, d.j.; norrie, j.; caslake, m.j.; gaw, a. and ford, i. 2002. c-reactive protein is an independent predictor of risk for the development of diabetes in thej. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 118 west of scotland coronary prevention study. diabetes 51: 1596–1600. 7. festa, a.; d'agostino, r. jr.; howard, g.; mykkänan, l.; tracy, r.p. and haffner, s.m. 2000. chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study (iras). circulation 102:42 -47. 8. hak, a.e.; stehouwer, c.d.a.; bots, m.l.; polderman, k.h.; schalkwijk, c.g.; westendorp, i.c.d.; hofman, a.; witteman, j.c.m. 1999. associations of c-reactive protein with measures of obesity, insulin resistance, and subclinical arteriosclerosis in healthy, middle-aged women. arterioscler thromb vasc biol 19 : 1986-1991. 9. festa, a.; haffner, s.m. 2005. inflammation and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: lessons from the diabetes control and complications trial. circulation 111:2414 -2415. 10. cipollone, f.; iezzi, a.; fazia, m.; zucchelli, m.; pini, b.; cuccurullo, c.; de cesare, d.; de blasis, g.; muraro, r.; bei, r.; chiarelli, f.; schmidt, a.m.; cuccurullo, f.and mezzetti, a. 2003. the receptor rage as a progression factor amplifying arachidonated- dependent inflammatory and proteolytic response in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of glycemic control. circulation.108 : 1070-1077. 11. barzilay, j.i.; abraham, l.; heckbert, s.r.; cushman, m.; kuller, l.h.; resnick, h.e.and tracy, r.p. 2001. the relation of markers of inflammation to the development of glucose disorders in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. diabetes50 : 2384-2389.[abstract] 12. pradhan, a.d.; manson, j.e.; rifai, n.; buring, j.e.and ridker, p.m. 2001. c-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. jama286 : 327-334. [abstract] 13. capuzzi ,d.m. and freeman, d.o. 2007. c-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk in metabolism syndrome and type 2 diabetes: controversy and challenge .clin. diab. 25:16-22. 14. thorand, b.; löwel, h.; schneider, a.; kolb, h.; meisinger, c.; fröhlich, m.and koenig, w. 2003. c-reactive protein as a predictor for incident diabetes mellitus among middle-aged men: results from the monica augsburg cohort study, 1984-1998. arch intern med 163:93 - 99.[abstract] 15. best, l.g.; zhang, y.; lee, e.t.; yeh, j-l.; cowan, l.; palmieri, v.; roman, m.; devereux, r.b.; fabsitz, r.r.; tracy, r.p.; robbins, d.; davidson, m.; ahmed, a. and howard, .b.v. 2005. c-reactive protein as a predictor of cardiovascular risk in a population with a high prevalence of diabetes: the strong heart study. circulation112 : 1289-1295. 16. gury,a.t. 2007. type 2 young diabetes men suffer low testosterone levels which affects fertility ,masculare mass, heart health. diabetic care.30 :1860-1861. 17. sas .sas/ stat. 2001. user's guide for personal computers. sas international .inc.cary.n.c. usa. 18. dhindsa, s. 2007. bhatia, v.; dhindsa, g.; chaudhuri, a.; gollapudi, g.m.and dandona, p.: the effects of hypogonadism on body composition and bone mineral density in type 2 diabeticj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 119 patients. diabetes care 30:1860-1861. 19. brunner,e.j.;kivimaki,m.;witte,d .r.;lowler,d.a.;smith,g.d.;cooper ,j.a.;miller,m.;lowe,g.d.;rumley, a.;casas,j.r.;shah,t.;humphries.s. e.;hi-ngorani,a.d.;marmot,m.g.;timpso n,n.g.and kumari,m. 2008. inflammation , insulin resistance and diabetes–mendelian randomization using crp haplotype point upstreame. diabetes spectrum.178:1282-1302. 20. willer, c.j.; bonnycastle, l.l.; conneely, k.n.; duren, w.l.; jackson, a.u. 2007 .screening of 134 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) previously associated with type 2 diabetes replicates association with 12 snps in nine genes. diabetes. 56: 256–264. 21. kubaszek, a.; pihlajamaki, j.; komarovski, v.; lindi, v.; lindstrom, j. 2003. promoter polymorphisms of the tnf-alpha (g-308a) and il-6 (c-174g) genes predict the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes: the finnish diabetes prevention study. diabetes 52: 1872–1876. 22. engstrom, g.; hedblad, b.; eriksson, k.f.; janzon, l.; lindgarde, f. 2005. complement c3 is a risk factor for the development of diabetes: a population-based cohort study. diabetes 54: 570–575. 23. davey s. g.; ebrahim, s. 2005. what can mendelian randomization tell us about modifiable behavioral and environmental exposures. br med j. 330: 1076–1079. م ىوتس c-reactive protein لا يضزملا ف لوزتسلوكلاو ءاذب نباصملا روكذ عون زكسلا 2 مزك مكح لاماس * ا فصن ذمحا ذجام تابل * دوبع لداع رون ** * وهعنا حهك ,جاحنا وهع ىسق ا, حشظرسنا حعياجن ** وهعنا حهك , وهعنا حهك ا, حشظرسنا حعياجن ةصلاخلا : رسي عافذسا c-reactive protein (crp) ع شكسنا ضشي قفاشذ رنا مياعنا ذحا 2 ٫ ز ظتاشرنا ا رسي ت crp ع شكسنا عشي 2 عافذسا أ أ حثثس حقلاعك شسف أ ك crp نإ حانات دؤ ع شكسنا عشت حتاطلإا 2 خلأا عي ز حجنا خافلارخلاا ساثرعلاات هنا حشعنا بهسأ ز رسي هع اششؤ ا crp ز شكسنا عشي عاشعأ نإ حعرجي دؤذ . رسي ىقذ حساسذنا ي فذنا اك crp ف لشرسنكنا نا ضشنا ود ز ع شكسنا ءاذت تاظنا سك 2 ٫ دذ ز هع حساسذنا 120 ر رشع رعجي هع اسق شك حعجي نلأا a ( 60 )ضخش ( شع ي 31 - 40 جشطس مشذ حس) 30 , تاظي شغ ضخش 3 مكن صاخشأ ( شع 3 تاظي حعجي )خاساشكذ type 2 diabetes (t2d) دذع 30 , ضخش 3 ( شع مكن صاخشأ 3 حعجي حاش حعجي:)خاساشكذ b ( شع ي 41 - 50 أ مشذ حس) تاظي شغ جشطس حعجي اض 30 عقات ضخش 3 ( شع مكن صاخشأ 3 ي تاظي حعجي, )خاساشكذ 30 عقات ضخش 3 ( شع مكن صاخشأ 3 اعي عافذسا جئارنا دطعأ .)خاساشكذ p0.05 رست crp ع شكسنا ضشي ف 2 حعجي ف a حعجي b نا لاكن جشطسنا حعجي عي حساقنات اك رعج ز اصاي عافذسلاا ا عنا عافذسلان p0.05 رعجنا لاك ف لشرسنكنا وذنا شكس رست a b ( رتاظنا t2d حعجي عي حساقنات ) رعجنا لاكن جشطسنا . رسي إ crp ع شكسنا عشي زذحن ششؤك شثرع إ ك وذنا ف 2 إ اك عافذسا crp ع شكسنا عشي ةثس لا 2 ز ع شكسنا عشي إ ,للاخ ي حض ا 2 سح ي ثش بارنلاا عاأ ي عك شثرع إ بارنلاا ششأذ ىسجنا هع ششأذ حعثط ز رسي عافذسا ةثس شخلأا ا crp وذنا ف شكسنا رسي عشنا جذح ا اك ضشنا ءلاؤ ف crp لشرسنكنا شعنا وذقذ عي دادض .j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 120 the use of laurylamine hydrocholoride ch3 (ch2 ) 11 nh3 – cl for secondary oil recovery talib abdullah saleh* received 15, may, 2010 accepted 2, march, 2011 abstract: laurylamine hydrochloride ch3(ch2)11 nh3 – cl has been chosen from cationic surfactants to produce secondary oil using lab. model shown in fig. (1). the relationship between interfacial tension and (temperature, salinity and solution concentration) have been studied as shown in fig. (2, 3, 4) respectively. the optimum values of these three variables are taken (those values that give the lowest interfacial tension). saturation, permeability and porosity are measured in the lab. the primary oil recovery was displaced by water injection until no more oil can be obtained, then laurylamine chloride is injected as a secondary oil recovery. the total oil recovery is 96.6% or 88.8% of the residual oil has been recovered by this technique as shown in fig. (5). this method was applied in an oil field and it gave approximate values close to that obtained in the lab. key words : surfactants, optimum concentration, optimum salinity, optimum temperature, oil recovery, lab. model, injection process. introduction : a large number of techniques are available for the production of oil by secondary and tertiary methods, among them (water injection, carbon dioxide injection, alcohol flooding, natural gas injection, thermal oil recovery, and chemical flooding [1]. the oil recovery by water injection is low (40% at max. conditions). thermal recovery (hot water injection, steam injection) is not efficient [2] due to the loss of heat from the injection well to the reservoir itself. carbon dioxide and natural gas injection lead to inter fingering and bad displacement of oil. alcohol injection is costly. at the last (15) years the chemical flooding takes place as an economic efficient method for secondary oil recovery [3]. it depends on lowering interfacial tension and this results in lowering the capillary pressure according to the equation : r pc cos 2 ……… [4] where; pc capillary pressure dyne/cm 2 interfacial tension dyne/cm contact angle degree r radius of droplet cm also surfactant solutions aid in oil production because surfactant solutions adsorb on rock surface leaving oil free to be produced easily [5, 6]. in this work basic parameters have been investigated, these are the relations between the interfacial tension and (temperature, salinity, and solution concentration) figures (2, 3, 4) respectively. the best values of these variables are used (these values that give the lowest values of interfacial tension) in a lab. model. the total oil recovery obtained has been 96.6% or 88.8% of the residual oil. field * ass. prof .dr. university of baghdad, college of engineeringj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 121 application has been carried out and it gave the same results approximately and it found that it is very economic. materials and methods : a lab model consists of a glass tube of 84cm length and 4.6 cm diameter filled with sand tightly packed with resin, it has been connected to oil tank through glass tube of 2.2 cm diameter. the oil tank is supplied with a valve to initiate or stop flow. also it is supplied with pump to facilitate the flow. the other end of the tube is curved down below which is graduated cylinder to receive produced fluids as shown in fig. (1). permeability has been calculated by using darcy law. porosity has been determined by weighing the empty & saturated the sand pack. 1- main tube 2- pump 3- valve 4- oil reservoir 5-graduated cylinder fig. (1) model used in displacement process (not to scale) the difference in weight is the weight of water that entered in pores, dividing the weight by water density gives the volume of the water which is equal the pore volume, then : 100 % vb vp …….. [7] where vp pore volume porosity (effective) vb bulk volume results and discussion: first the model has been saturated with water, then the water has been displaced by oil, now the model contains two fluids, water and oil. interfacial tension has been measured by (o-ring) tensiometer calibrated at the beginning of each set of experiments [8]. the effect of temperature on interfacial tension has been carried out and their results are shown in fig.(2). the optimum temperature that corresponds to the lowest interfacial tension has been 36 o c give the optimum recovery because it corresponds to the minimum interfacial tension. [9] the effect of salinity on the interfacial tension has been carried out. the optimum salinity that corresponds to the low interfacial tension has been (986 p.p.m) as shown in fig. (3) this salinity (986 p.p.m) give the optimum recovery because it 84 cm 4.6cm 42cm 2.2cm 5 3 1 2 4j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 122 corresponds to the minimum interfacial tension. the effect of solution concentration is studied, the optimum concentration corresponding to the lowest interfacial tension is (10 -2 m) [10] this concentration (10 -2 m) give the optimum recovery because it corresponds to the minimum interfacial tension. the following properties are used in the lab model. k 580 m.d sw 18% 40% o 2.3 c.p o 82% p1.85 atmosphere t 36 o c c 10 -2 m s 986 p.p.m where k permeability m.d porosity (effective) o oil saturation sw water saturation o oil viscosity c.p p pressure atmosphere c solution concentration, molar s salinity of solution p.p.m t temperature c 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 t fig. (2) the effect of temperature on interfacial tension 0 1 2 3 4 0 2 4 6 fig. (3) the effect of salinity on interfacial tension 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 c fig. (4) the effect of solution concentration on interfacial tension 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 pore volume injected r fig. (5) pore volume injected versus total oil recovery r field application : this work applied on an oil field and it gave results close to that obtained in the lab a certain quantity of this material (laurylamine hydrochloride) was bought by 320 dollars and it was enough to produce 80 barrels of oil, assuming that the price of one barrel 50 dollars that means 50 x 80 4000 dollars. now the ratio of the cost to income 4000 320 0.08 or 8% and this means it is very economic. conclusion : 1- since the study showed that low concentration give the optimum oil recovery (10 -2 m) that means little quantity of it give high quantity of oil and that leads to the conclusion it is an economic method. t x 10 3j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 123 2- cationic type of surfactant solution has been used and it gave a high oil recovery. 3- surfactant solution have low interfacial tension and hence it aid the oil production. 4- cationic type of surfactants are suitable for some oil reservoirs while anionic are suitable for other oil reservoir because of the difference in electrical properties of reservoir rocks. references : 1- duncan and shaw j., 1966, "introduction to colloid and surface chemistry" butter worths, london, second edition, pages (45-48). 2- charless n. and smith r., 1983, "mechanics of secondary oil recovery", elesvire publishing company, third edition, u.s.a, pages : 473 – 476. 3- labrid k., 1978, "les agents de surface etla recuperation assisstee du petrole" collegue national du peblicitée, n o 938, france p : 13 – 15. 4- larad m. 1985, "qulques aspects de phenomenes interfaciaux dens le deplacements del'huile par l'eau", revu i.f.p., dexeume publicitee, france p : 7 - 9. 5- cahoun j. and stach d. 1995, "laboratory experiments on wetting agents for water flooding", elesvire publishing company, third edition, u.s.a, p : 23 – 24. 6- briant j. 1997, "la recuperation du petrole au moyen tensiactifs" i.f.p publicitée, troiseme publicitée, p : 17 - 19. 7- mungan n. 2005, "role of wettability and interfacial tension in water flooding" elesvire publishing company, fifth edition, u.s.a., p : 35 – 38. 8- davies j. and rideal k. 2007, "interfacial phenomena" journal of petroleum technology, 8(5) 160 – 163. 9- traube j. 2007, "chemistry of petroleum" oil.gas.j 9(4) : 87 – 89. 10- pethica b. 2009, "the adsorption of surface active electrolytes at the air/water interface", 7(8) : 112-115. يوناثلا طفنلا جارختسلا ليرول نيمأ ديرولك مادختسا حلاص الله دبع بلاط * دادغب ةعياج / طفنا ىسق / ةسدهنا ةيهك* : ةصلاخلا ةحطننا ة ناطس حطسنا ةناعف ميناحنا ي ميزون ييأ ديزوهك زايحخا ىج دقن cationic واطننا طفطنا اسرحطسلا ) مكننا يف ي ي اك س حري ميدوي وادرحساب 1 حةط وهنا حوزاسطحنا ةطجزد ة يطي نا دطننا يطب ةطققعنا ثطسزد .) لاكشلأا يف ي ي اك )لوهحنا صيكسجة 2 ح 3 ح 4 طهج ةط قننا تاسطيغحنا رطهن ىيقنا ىصقأ ترخأ .يناوحنا ىهع ) يب دش مقأ يحعج يحنا ىيقنا .س حرنا يف ةيياسناة ةيذافناة ع نحنا ضايق ىج دقن .)ي .طفنا احإ فقوج أ ىنإ ءانا ق قيسط ع طفهن ةينةلأا ة اشلإا ثج دقن دطيزوهك لوطهحي طق ىطج طنذ دطعبة وه يهكنا طفنا احإ إ ميزون ييأ 66.6 ةأ % 88.8 مكطننا يطف يط ي اك ةيقحنا رهب يق حنا طفنا ي % 5 .) . س حرنا ذوهن ةبزاقي جئاح ثحعأف يحف مق يف قي حج ىجj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 124 oilfield produced water management: treatment, reuse and disposal ayad a. al-haleem a.al-razaq* received 13, april, 2010 accepted 16, august, 2010 abstract : produced water is accompanied with the production of oil and gas especially at the fields producing by water drive or water injection. the quantity of these waters is expected to be more complicated problem with an increasing in water cut which is expected to be 3-8 barrels water/produced barrel oil. produced water may contain many constituents based on what is present in the subsurface at a particular location. produced water contains dissolved solids and hydrocarbons (dissolved and suspended) and oxygen depletion. the most common dissolved solid is salt with concentrations range between a few parts per thousand to hundreds parts per thousand. in addition to salt, many produced waters also contain high levels of heavy metals like zinc, barium, chromium, lead, nickel, uranium, vanadium and low levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (norm). this study will highlight the main aspects of the different international experiences with the produced water treatment for subsequent reuse or disposal. these different treatment methods vary considerably in effectiveness, cost and their environmental impacts. samples of produced water from al-mishrif formation in ten wells belongs to five fields southern iraq were taken and analyzed chemically to define the basic features of these waters and to have guide lines for the best strategy that required handling the increased water cut in these fields. key words: produced water,treatment,reuse,heavy metals introduction: produced water may be stored on the surface in open pits, which can be considered as evaporation pits or disposal pits. it contains many constituents based on what is present in the subsurface at a particular location. it may contain salt, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and naturally occurring radioactive materials [1]. in addition to naturally occurring impurities, chemical additives like coagulants, corrosion inhibitors, emulsion breakers, biocides, dispersants, paraffin control agents, and scale inhibitors are often added to alter the chemistry of produced water [2]. the study of chemical analysis of the produced water is important because it helps in studying the nature of its aquifers and it is also important in the operations of injection and recovery of wells especially the analysis looking for ions involved in the installation of the water. in addition, the widespread use of water in the secondary extraction of oil has given a large importance to the water where the injected water in the lower layers of the configurations provide the energy *department of petroleum, college of engineering, university of baghdadj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 125 required to produce the equivalent of half the size of the located oil. a number of methods are available to treat contaminated water to prepare it for reuse or disposal [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. these methods vary considerably in effectiveness and cost. generally, the contaminants in water of petroleum industry can be classified into two groups: hydrocarbons and solids with two phases for each group suspended and dissolved. in this study, many methods have been discussed for their advantages in produced water treatment prior to reuse in different activities at locations or to responsible disposal. the different methods are divided according to mentioned state of contaminants. samples of produced water were collected from ten wells at south of iraq and analyzed for their brine composition and concentration of some heavy metals. treatment methods : as mentioned before and for the purpose of this study, the treatment methods would be classified into the following categories: i. removal of suspended and dissolved hydrocarbons a variety of methods are available to remove suspended oil droplets from water which consist primarily of gravitational separation, filtration, or biological degradation. gravity separation which done normally in separator tanks is usually the simplest and almost economical way to remove large quantities of frees oil from water. the effectiveness of separation tanks depends on the droplets size and how long been the water in the tank [11, 12]. several different designs of separation have been developed to use centrifugal forces to enhance phase separation. hydrocyclones and centrifuges are other types of gravitational separation devices. the effectiveness of hydrocyclones in separation process depends on a number of parameters including oil droplet size, oil/water density difference, inlet water velocity, solution gas, solids, and system geometry [13, 14]. another way to remove oil droplets from water is using water-wet filters or membranes in a process called filtration. advanced filtration processes include cross flow membranes such as microfiltration and ultrafiltration [15]. oil-wet filters is another type of filtration in which sand, gravel, or glass fibers are common media used in this process [15]. generally the filter design is based on water quality specifications. biological processes which used microorganisms (bacteria and/or fungi) in degradation of hydrocarbons have been widely used to treat most wastewater streams in the petroleum industry. moreover, different processes such as heater treating, gas flotation, chemical and electric field separation can be added to above methods. many methods are available to remove the dissolved hydrocarbons from water include adsorption, volatilization, oxidation, ultraviolet irradiation, precipitation, and biological processes [16, 17]. adsorption of dissolved hydrocarbons onto a solid medium is an effective way comparing with other methods. also, coal, natural and synthetic resins have been proved their effectiveness as solid medium [17]. volatile organic carbon compounds (vocs) can be removed from water by lowering the partial pressure of the compound in the vapor in contact with the water [2]. air stripping and steam are two types ofj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 126 volatilization methods. by lowering the ph, some organic materials not all can be precipitated. in ultraviolet irradiation, high energy, short – wavelength photons are used to break the chemical bonds of dissolved hydrocarbons[18]. ozone, peroxide, chlorine have been tested to destroy dissolved hydrocarbons through a process called oxidation [18]. biological treatment using a mixture of oxygen and nutrients with the water can be useful to remove low levels of dissolved hydrocarbons from water. ii. removal of suspended and dissolved solids the resulted suspended solids during drilling and production activities include cuttings, sand and clay particles. several methods are available for removing the suspended solids from the water among of them filtration, coagulation and gravity separation. filtration has considered as promise method for separating water oilfield [19]. an effective way to enhance the separation of suspended particles is to coagulate (flocculate) the particles by adding chemicals like calcium chloride, ferric chloride, or aluminum potassium sulfate, into large agglomerate [20]. then one of the processes like filtration, gravitational setting or centrifugation can be used to separate these larger agglomerate from water. the dissolved solids include salt, hardness ions (calcium and magnesium), and heavy metals. processes like ion exchange, precipitation, evaporation/distillation and biological treatment are examples of known options in treating such contamination. the removal of harness ions is very necessary because these ions readily precipitate and form a hard scale that can affect the equipment work. in general, there are two major ion exchange resins (substrates) which are commonly used: strong acid resins using sulfuric acid, and weak acid resins using carboxylic acid [2]. adding lime ca(oh)2 or sodium hydroxide (naoh) result in an increasing in ph of the water and lead to enhance the precipitation of many dissolved solids [21]. evaporation and distillation the water need a stream of pure water, so they considered an expensive method. biological processes can not destroy dissolved solids, but they can alter their chemical form as well as removing sulfides from produced water [16,22]. iii. new technologies in produced water treatment membranes represent one of the effective techniques in the primary treatment for water such as micron membranes, or in secondary treatment as desalination with reverse osmosis. membranes suffer when they are used for treatment of surface water or ground water from numerous problems, including the deposition of poorly soluble salts in the water on it, as well as by the deposition of plankton and the phenomenon of concentration polarization which lead to increased pressure difference across the membrane. these problems are exacerbated with the associated water extraction of oil, leading to the need for an elementary processor complex and expensive before entering the water to the membrane. some company's specialized partial solution to the problem and the production of membranes that bear the harsh operating conditions. the newj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 127 membrane system is known as vsep which is an acronym for vibratory shear enhanced process. the results of this technology have demonstrated many advantages when compared with other conventional cross flow filtration techniques and other methods of treatment [23]. table (1) represents the results using vsep membrane filtration [23]. also, it indicates that the choice of membrane would depend on the filtrate quality desired. it can be seen, that reverse osmosis (ro) membrane gave best filtration in comparing with nanofiltration (nf) filtration. table 1 : results using vsep membrane filtration.[23] typical vsep results untreated nf filtrate ro filtrate total organic carbon (toc) 810mg/l 120mg/l 20mg/l total suspended solids (tss) 9000 mg/l nd nd chemical oxygen demand (cod) 2600 mg/l 270 mg/l 71 mg/l oil and grease 580 mg/l 16 mg/l nd chlorides (cl) 4700 mg/l 2900 mg/l 15 mg/l sulfates (so2) 210 mg/l nd nd calcium (ca) 400 mg/l 8 mg/l nd magnesium (mg) 50 mg/l nd nd zinc (zn) 100 mg/l 5 nd nd not defined also, sorption of organics by surfactant-modified zeolite (smz) followed by air stripping and subsequent treatment of the off-gas by vapor-phase bioreactor (vpb) has been shown to effective at removing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzen, and xylene (btex) from produced water [23-24]. results and discussion: brine composition and concentration of some heavy metals in produced water from ten wells (south of iraq) are summarized in table 2. also, the table shows typical differences in ion concentrations found in produced water and river water. clearly, ground water and water in the near surface are often dilute and chemically different from formation water associated with gas oil. it can be shown from table 2 that the produced water accompanying the oil fields in southern iraq dominated by sodium and calcium as positive ions and chloride and sulfate as negative ions. the presence of barium, calcium and sulfates ions in produced water result in an oilfield scale which cause corrosion and plugging problems. we have adopted the style of governance the produced water through injection of water in the dammam formation through disposal wells nearby isolation stations after a simple treatment and therefore the result is stopping wells from receiving any new quantities. currently disposed of water can be done directly to the surrounding environment causing many operational and environmental problems. the options that can be put to get rid of the water in economical and technical way might include the following: 1-discharging of associated water to any nearby water stream. 2-inject water in the produced formations (in the same field or nearby fields) or in the formations that are non-productive. 3-use evaporation pits on the way that the design and implementation of these pits are not allowed as regular attendant adsorption of water into the ground and mixing with groundwater. in the treatment option, there are many technologies for the treatment of produced water and now with the ever tightening discharge limits around the world, there appears to be a glut of new technologies appearing to achieve the mandate of zero discharge into the environment.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 128 after reviewing the major advantages and disadvantages of many treatment processes [5,7,8,25,26,27],one could conclude that treatment using membrane filtration have many significant advantages with low operating cost and low environmental effect in comparing with other treatment methods. obviously in order to be used safely and economically, an appropriate treatment method must be chosen or designed based on the water quality that is needed. virtually, most of technological improvements have been significant in the area of membrane filtration. the use of vibrating membrane mechanism to avoid membrane fouling is an effective and economical treatment solution for oil drilling operations [23]. finally it is found that the best strategy to manage the produced water in any field is determined by many factors including the field location, available techniques, environmental determinants and cost. the options currently available include:1) reducing the water inside the cavity of the well by using mechanical and chemical methods. the mechanical one includes cementing, horizontal drilling, bridge plugs and well abandonment. the chemical option include the use of certain chemicals such as polymer gels or pre-gel forms, to be injected into the well to reduce the production of water and allow the continued production of hydrocarbons from them,2)block water from reaching the surface by using dual completion or down hole oil water separators. the latter technique reduces the water for his abdication in the well bore and injected into other formations,3)recycle and reuse of produced water. sometimes the produced water can be used without treatment when it is clean or that the use of the final input for the conditions of high quality. the reuse options include:1)water injection in order to increase oil recovery,2)other uses such as agricultural crops or livestock or industrial uses ,3)water disposal options. although there are many options for recycling and reuse, but large amounts of produced water is disposed of discharging to surface water bodies(after simple treatment) or is injected subsurface for the purpose of subsidized production. table 2: summary of lower and higher values and the rate of the results of chemical analysis of produced water accompanying the oil in the mishrif formation of two fields (ten wells) at southern iraq. ion species produced water (ppm) min max average sodium 50000 86000 72500 potassium 650 4000 1950 magnesium 1500 3900 2650 barium 150 460 260 strontium 350 1500 610 sulfate 120 1300 710 chloride 120000 170000 135000 calcium 7600 15100 11200 cadmium 22 35 26 chromium 70 110 90 copper 60 90 70 lead 110 280 210 nickel 90 190 110 zinc 66 150 87 bicarbonates 40 600 320 total dissolved solids 210000 280000 245000 conclusions : the treatment of produced water due to the recent and current technologies may be summarized as follows. 1- the produced water treatment methods have been classified within this study according to the type of contaminants namely suspended and dissolved hydrocarbons, and suspended and dissolved solids. 2- many of world wide treatment options are presented and discussed in this study for their applications in petroleum industry involving costs and environmental effects. 3- the results showed that in addition to salt, many produced waters alsoj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 129 contain high levels of some heavy metals. sodium, potassium, magnesium, barium, strontium, chloride, calcium, and lead were found to have the highest concentrations. 4- the use of water injection and the attributes of non-thought out can lead to several problems among them blockage of porous channels, corrosion in the crust of rocks, deposition of solids and the emergence of bacteria, which combined to reduce production rates. 5- the treated water with a certain level of purity is very essential at most of drilling sites and at production operations such as secondary oil recovery. 6- it was found that most of new technologies have both of issues: environmental protection and economical benefit. also, most of new technological improvements are associated with membrane filtration where the filter design is based on water quality specifications. moreover, the new techniques are designed to achieve the mandate of zero discharge into the environment. 7-it may be feasible to treat waters that slightly exceed regulatory limits for re-use in arid or drought areas, rather than losing them to discharge in the surrounding lands. recommendations : the present study offers generally the objectives to delineate the following recommendations: 1- knowing the kind of bearing rocks of theses waters facilitate the use of this water for aquifer injection of the same rock type and to reduce the negative effects that may result from injection of water in the current approved. 2- chemical analysis of the produced water from other drilling locations are required to cover the wide range difference in its chemical composition and to design and select the proper treatment method. 3- one source of water should be taken into consideration for different field activities to avoid any future problems that could be resulted in case of mixing more than one type of water. 4- the following recommendations are proposals which do not intersect with the solutions landed status: a) use of three-phase isolators to accommodate the increasing water cut. b) construction of evaporation pits to suit fundamentalist away with quantities of produced water and within a specific environmental issues. 5-the mentioned new treatment technologies are recommended to be practiced to minimize the disposal besides the economical and environmental benefits. 6-through hydro geochemical studies of reservoir water we can benefit from the water reservoir for certain fields for the purpose of injection into the nearby fields and thus can be rationalized net water consumption required for these purposes and may reduce the costs allocated to these projects. acknowledgements: the author would like to thank eng.mohammed a.al-haleem(from al-mansour state company) for helping conduct the laboratory testing. special thank to technician croup of national drilling company for assisting in providing the water samples.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 130 references : 1. stephenson, m. t.,1992, "components of produced water : a compilation of industrial studies", j. pet. tech,. may, 23313-pa:548-603. 2. gray, p. r.,1993,"norm contamination in the petroleum industry", j. pet. tech,, jan., 22880-pa: 12-16. 3. freeman, h. m., editor,1989, standard handbook of hazardous waste treatment and disposal. new york : mcgraw-hill book company. 4. canadian petroleum association, 1990, "production waste management handbook for the alberta petroleum industry", dec. 5. tchobanoglus, g. and burton, f. l.,1991, wastewater engineering : treatment, disposal, and reuse. new york : mcgraw hill, inc. 6. wojtanowicz, a. k.,1993,"oilfield environmental control technology : a synopsis", j. pet. tech., feb., 22815-pa:166-172. 7. boysen, d. b.,2003,"cost factors associated with managing produced water at cbm properties in the rocky mountain region", 10 th annual international petroleum environmental conference, houston, tx, nov. 8. lawrence, a. w., miller, d. l., and hayds, t. d.,1995, "regional assessment of produced water treatment and disposal practices and research needs, "epa exploration and production environmental conference, houston, texas, march, pp.373-392. 9. boysen, d. b., j. e. boysen, and t. larson, 2002. "regional, technical, regulatory and economic trends in produced water management", gas research institute publications, nov. 10. arnold, k. e. and koszela, p. j.,1990,"droplet-setting vs. retention time theories for sizing oil/water separator", spe production engineering, feb., 16640-pa:59-64. 11. arnold k. e.,1983,"design concepts for offshore produced-water treating and disposal systems", j. pet. tech. feb., 9013-pa:276-283. 12. powers, m. l.,1993, "new perspectives on oil and gas separator performance", spe production and facilities, may, 20699-pa:77-83. 13. young, g. a., wakley, w. d., taggart, d. l., andrews, s. l., and worrell, j. r.,1991b, "oil-water separator using hydrocyclones, an experimental search for optimum dimensions, "american filtration society. houston : gulf publishing co., pp.102-111. 14. jones, p. s.,1993, "a field comparison of static and dynamic hydrocyclones", spe production and facilities, may, 20701-pa:84-90. 15. chen, a. s. c., flynn, j. t., cook, r. g., and casaday, a. l., 1991,"removal of oil, grease, and suspended solids from produced water with ceramic crossflow microfiltration, " spe production engineering, may, 20291-pa:131-136. 16. sublett, k. l., morse, d. e., and raterman, k. t.,1993, "a field demonstration of sour produced water remediation by microbial treatment", paper spe 26396 presented at the society of petroleum engineering 58 th annualj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 131 technical conference and exhibition, houston, tx, oct.3-6. 17. tao, f. t., curtice s., hobbs, r. d., sides, j. l., wieser, j. d., dyke, c. a., tuohey, d., and pilger, p. f.,1993, "conversion of oilfield produced water into an irrigation/drinking quality", paper spe 26003 presented at the society of petroleum engineering/environmental protection agency's exploration and production environmental conference, san antonio, tx, march 7-10. 18. green, k. m. and kumar, d.,1990,"the potential for solar detoxification of hazardous wastes in the petroleum industry", proceedings of the u.s. environmental protection agency's first international symposium on oil and gas exploration and production waste management practices, sept. 10-13, new orleans, la, , pp.771-781. 19. townely, d., bergman, r. j., and goldman, w. a., 1989,"reduction of oilfield production wastes using dry cake filters", paper spe 19742 presented at the society of petroleum engineers 64 th annual technical conference and exhibition, san antonio, tx, oct. 8-11. 20. hinds, a. a., donovan, d. m., lowell, j. l., and liao, a., 1986,"treatment reclamation and disposal options for drilling muds and cuttings", paper iadc/spe14798 presented at the society of petroleum engineers iadc/spe drilling conference, dallas, tx, feb. 10-12. 21. caswell, p.c., gelb, d., marinello, s. a., emerick, j. c., and cohen, r. r. h.,1992, "testing of man-made overland-flow and wetlands systems for the treatment of discharged waters from oil and gas production operations in wyoming", proceedings of petro. safe92, houstin, tx. 22. canarutto, s., petruzzelli, g., lubrano., and vigna guidi, b., 1991,"how compositing affects heavy metal content", biocycle, june, pp.48-50. 23. sullivan, e,j., bowman, r.s.,katz,l., and kinney, k.,2004, “ water treatment technology for oil and gas produced water, “ identifying technologies improve regional water stewardship :north-middle rio grand corridor, 21-22 april. 24. veil, j. burnett d. and grunewald b.,2006,"disposal of concentrate from treatment of water for beneficial reuse", presented at the 13 th international petroleum environmental conference, san antonio, tx, oct. 23-27. 25. simms, k., kok, s., and zaidi, a.,1990, "alternative processes for the removal of oil from oilfield brines", proceedings of the u.s. environmental protection agency's first international symposium on oil and gas exploration and production waste management practices, new orleans, la, sept. 10-13, pp.17-30. 26. the handbook on solid control & waste management, 1996,brandt/ept tm , 4 th edition. 27. tom hayes and dan arthur,2004,"overview of emerging produced water treatment technologies", 11 th annual petroleum environmental conference, new mexico, october.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 132 صلختلاو ماذختسلاا ةداعأو وجلاعولا:ويطفنلا لوقحلا نه وجتنولا هايولا ةرادأ نيلحلا ذبع دايأ قازرلا ذبع * * داذغث خعيبخ/سذنا خهك/ظفنا ىسق :تصلاخلا قسنبث ا ئبنا عفذنبث حزر زنا لقسنا ف بطظخ صبغنا ظفنا جبزا تزبظ حزنا ءبنا ا ا.ئبنا ا عقزنا ي يزنا ئبنا عطقنا حدبص عي اذقعر شثكا هكشي رجظر ا عقزنا ي بنا ز خك رجظ 3 - 8 .حزي ظف ميشث مكن ءبي ميشث ا.عي عقي ف رطسنا ذسر دخيبي ىهع ادبزعا دبكنا ي ذذعنا ىهع حزنا ءبنا يزس جهط داي ىهع يزس حزنا ءبنا شثكا رهنا.تضب دسكا )قنبع ثازي(دبثسبكسذب ثازي .فنا مكن ءاضخلاا دبئي ىنا فنا مكن ءاضخا حذع ي ذاشزر ضكاشزث ثازي جهط دبي ذذعنا بف رهنا ىنا خفبضا صبطشنا ويشكنا وسبجنا كضنبك هقثنا شطبعنا ي نبع دبزسي بضا يسر دزنا بنا ي .بعجط ذخازنا عشنا شطبعنا ي ههق دبزسي وذبفنا واسنا مكنا ن سئشنا ىبفنا ىهع ءضنا ساسذنا ز قهر حزنا ءبنا خدنبعث قهعزنا نبعنا ةسبدزنا فهزخ .ئجنا براشثبر بزفهك بزئبفكث ز دنبعنا قشط بجزر.ضهخزنا ا تقبعزنا واذخزسلاا حدبعا عاشغلا ىر قاشعنا ةخ طف هقسن دعر سبثا حششع ف فششنا كر ي حزنا ءبنا ي جرب زخا ىر بههسر عي ميبعزهن ثهطي دراشزسا مضفلا ظطخنا عض مخا ي بنا زن سئشنا دبسنا خفشعن بئبك .لقسنا ز ف ئبنا عطقنا حدبصj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 133 using fuzzy logic for estimating monthly pan evaporation from meteorological data in emara/ south of iraq alaa m. atiaa* amal m. abdul-qadir** received 25, march, 2010 accepted 21, faruary, 2011 abstract: evaporation is one of the major components of the hydrological cycle in the nature, thus its accurate estimation is so important in the planning and management of the irrigation practices and to assess water availability and requirements. the aim of this study is to investigate the ability of fuzzy inference system for estimating monthly pan evaporation form meteorological data. the study has been carried out depending on 261 monthly measurements of each of temperature (t), relative humidity (rh), and wind speed (w) which have been available in emara meteorological station, southern iraq. three different fuzzy models comprising various combinations of monthly climatic variables (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) were developed to evaluate effect of each of these variables on estimation process. two error statistics namely root mean squared error and coefficient of determination were used to measure the performance of the developed models. the results indicated that the model, whose input variables are t, w, and rh, perform the best for estimating evaporation values. in addition, the model which is dominated by (t) is significantly and distinctly helps to prove the predictive ability of fuzzy inference system. furthermore, agreements of the results with the observed measurements indicate that fuzzy logic is adequate intelligent approach for modeling the dynamic of evaporation process. key words: fuzzy logic, pan evaporation, iraq, meteorological data introduction: the accurate estimation of evaporation in the arid and semi-arid region is an essential importance in planning the irrigation practices and water availability. in general, pan evaporation has been widely used as an index of evaporation and for estimating lake and reservoir evaporation. but, it is impractical to place evaporation pans at every point where there is a planned or existing reservoir and irrigation project [1], and even where there is a pan, the measurements may be vitiated by poor maintenance, leading to errors due to many reasons including growth of algae in the water, weed- growth nearby and some incorrect water level measurement. recently, the outstanding results using artificial intelligent techniques such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy inference system, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, and genetic programming in the field of evaporation and evapotranspiration have been obtained. sudheer et al. [2] investigated the prediction of class a pan evaporation using the neural networks (nn) model. they used (nns) for modeling evaporation process using proper combinations of the observed climatic variables such as temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and wind speed. kumar et al. [3] developed the neural networks model to estimate the daily *department of geology, college of science, university of basra, basra, iraq. **department of geology, college of science, university of baghdad, baghdad, iraq.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 134 grass reference evapotranspiration. they used proper combinations of the observed climatic variables for constructing neural network model. their conclusions referred that neural networks was a strong promising tool for estimating evapotranspiration. keskin et al. [4] developed fuzzy logic prediction model for daily pan evaporation from measured climatic data. among the measured climatic variables used to construct the daily evaporation models were the daily observations of air and water temperature, sunshine hours, solar radiation, air pressure, relative humidity and wind speed. they concluded that fuzzy logic offers a promising tool for estimating daily pan evaporation from climatic data. the abilities of neuro-fuzzy (nf) technique to estimate daily pan evaporation was investigated by kisi [1]. he used various combinations of daily air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, pressure and humidity to construct nf models and to evaluate degree of effect of each of these variables on evaporation. he concluded that the nf computing technique could be employed successfully in modeling evaporation process from the available climatic data. the utility of genetic programming technique to model the evapotranspiration process was explored by parasuraman et al. [5]. they used climatic variables such as net radiation, ground temperature, air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity to model eddy-covariance measured latent heat. their results showed that the genetic programming evolved equation were parsimonious and understandable and were well suited to model the dynamics of the evapotranspiration process. kim and kim [6] applied the generalized regression neural network model embedding the genetic algorithm to estimate and calculate the pan evaporation and the alfalfa reference evapotranspiration, republic of korea. they used proper combination of the observed climatic variables to build their model. they used an uncertainty analysis to eliminate the climatic variables of the input layer to construct the optimal model. aytek et al. [7] developed an explicit neural network formulation (ennf) for estimating reference evapotranspiration using daily solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. they concluded that the ennf offered an alternative tool to estimate reference evapotranspiration. the aim of this study is to develop fuzzy logic intelligent model to estimate monthly pan evaporation with reasonable accuracy from reliable climatic measurements, and subsequently in order to prove the ability of fuzzy logic for estimating evaporation values as a function of climatic variables. the study has been carried out depending on the available data measurements of each of temperature (t), wind speed (w), and relative humidity (rh) of emara meteorological station ,which is located in the crossing of latitude 317844.47 n and longitude 470827.72 e, southern iraq (fig.1). the climate of the study area is classified within arid to semi-arid region and characterized by the cruelest climatic variable of temperature; it mostly exceeds 48 c during dry seasons [8].j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 135 fig.1: location of emara meteorological station. review of fuzzy logic: fuzzy logic is based on the theory of fuzzy sets which relates to classes of objects without sharp boundaries, in which the membership is a matter of degree. in this approach, the classical notation [9] of binary membership in a set has been modified to include partial membership ranging between 0 and 1. the member shape-function (mf) is a curve that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to a membership value (fig. 2).the generation of a fuzzy model can be based on expert knowledge and historical data. fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a given input to an output equation using fuzzy logic, and then the mapping provides a basis from which decisions can be made or discerned. basically, fuzzy logic system has four components [10] as follows (fig. 3); fuzzification is the process of decomposing a system input and/or output into one or more fuzzy sets, fuzzy rules is if-then rule statements which are used to formulate the conditional statements that comprise fuzzy logic, fuzzy inference engine is a process that elaborates and combines rule outputs, and defuzzification is a process that transforms the fuzzy output into a crisp domain. the most widespread methodologies for developing fuzzy rules systems are those proposed by mamdani and assilian [11] and takagi and sugeno [12] methods. the two methods are similar in many aspects, the main difference is that the takagi-sugeno output membership functions are either linear or constants while the membership functions of mamdani are linguistic. a typical rule in a takagi-sugeno model has the form [13]. if input x 1 and input y 2 then output is z ax by c the output level zi of each rule is weighted by the firing strength wi of the rule. for example; for an and rule with input 1 x and input 2 y the firing strength is: wi and method (f1(x), f2(y))... (1) where f1,2(.) are the membership functions for inputs 1 and 2. the final output of the system is the weighted average of all rule output computed as: n i i n i i i w z w output final 1 1 ... (2) a takagi-sugeno rule operates as shown in figure (4). fig.2: the different shapes of membership functionsj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 136 figure-3: main components of fuzzy inference engine fig.4: operation of takagi-sugeno fuzzy inference type [13] methodology and data description: a total of 262 monthly average observations during the period (1980-2006) for each of temperature (t), wind speed (w), relative humidity (rh), and pan evaporation (e) have been prepared ; input data has been divided into two groups including training set (172 observed points) and testing set (90 observed points). the monthly statistical parameters of the climatic variables are given in table 1. the , , , , , and denote the mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, coefficient of skewness, and correlation coefficient, respectively. it can see from the coefficient of determination between climatic variables and evaporation (table 1) that temperature has a significant effect on evaporation. a fuzzy toolbox in matlab environment software is used to build different fuzzy models. a takagi- sugeno fuzzy inference engine is selected to generate evaporation predictive model. membership functions are extracted via subtractive clustering method. by specifying 0.5 for the calculated radius, three gaussian membership functions are extracted for input variables which are labeled as low, medium, and high for temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. the same labels are used for evaporation variable. the performance of the various fuzzy models has been evaluated by using the error statistics root mean squared error (rmse) and coefficient of determination (r 2 ). the statistic rmse indicates the model ability to predict away from the mean, the optimal value is 0. the coefficient of determination r 2 measures the linear correlation between the measured and predicted values, the optimal value is 1. these statistical criteria have been defined as follows [13]: ... (3) where: x measured values x ˆ predicted values number of observations ...(4) where (5) (6) mean of the measured values. table-1: the monthly statistical parameters of data set used in the study dat a set un it w m/ s 4.03 1.60 9.8 1.47 1.0 0 0.50 6 rh % 46.6 6 15.00 83.0 18.2 4 0.2 2 0.74 6 t c 24.4 4 8.40 39.6 9.49 - 0.0 5 0.76 8 e m m 280. 52 24.00 959.6 195. 2 0.6 9 1.00 0j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 137 application and results : table (2) summarizes statistical errors of the experiments and figure (5) shows a comparison between the measured and estimated monthly averaged pan evaporation. from table (2), it is obvious that model 1 has the lowest rmse (100.56) and highest r 2 (0.939) for testing period. the fuzzy model whose input was temperature only also performed very well. due to the fact that temperature is a very easy to measure parameter, estimation of monthly evaporation from this parameter using fuzzy model is a robust and significant. figure 6 shows fuzzy model built for this study for first model. the membership functions for this model are shown in figure 7. the if-then rules for this model are: (1) if t is low then e is low (2) if t is medium then medium (3) if t is high then high table-2: the rmse and r 2 of fuzzy models in training and test periods model no. variables combination training testing rmse r 2 rmse r 2 model 1 w, rh, t 66.31 0.913 100.56 0.939 model 2 rh, t 70.06 0.904 104.61 0.930 model 3 t 77.70 0.876 106.14 0.904 discussion: the available monthly data measurements of observed points t, w, and rh that have been considered for training and testing ranges are 172 and 90, respectively. the development of fuzzy models as functions of (t, w, rh), (t, w), and (t) were obtained with a similar magnitude of correlation coefficients 0.939, 0.930, and 0.904 for models 1, 2, and 3 respectively. accordingly, it is of interest to observe that fuzzy model is powerful to estimate pan evaporation as a function of (t). this may be because air temperature is the most significant climatic factor which affects evaporation in the southern part of iraq. it means that the variable (t) alone can effectively characterize most of the variation of pan evaporation values. it considerably reduces the number of climatic variables that are needed to be measured for estimation. the performance of each generated fuzzy model, that was evaluated based on two criteria analysis of rmse and r 2 , provides a harmonious response about the predictive ability of the models. conclusion and recommendation: three predictive models were generated successfully as a function of air temperature (t), wind speed (w), relative humidity (rh); it is significantly dominated by air temperature to estimate monthly pan evaporation. furthermore, estimation of pan evaporation by using intelligent models shows excellent correlation and agreements with the observed evaporation measurements, it proves the predictive ability of the generated models. so, according to the fact that temperature is very easy to measure; the estimation of monthly evaporation depending on air temperature by using fuzzy model is significant. in addition, handling of fuzzy logic in matlab software is easy and it can be used by anyone not necessarily being familiar with this software. the results appear to be a promising tool for modeling evaporation process with easy and low-cost constructing strategy. thus, it would be useful to have the means of estimating pan evaporation from reliable climatic measurements with reasonable accuracy. in general, the study can be further extended by trying different combinations and applying fuzzy logic in other sites and modeling other variables as functions of related contributions.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 138 it is recommended to utilize the integration of satellite images and geographic information system (gis) to develop this strategy for modeling the temporal, spectral, and spatial natural variables in order to construct the climatic information system (cis) in iraq. fig.5: comparison between measured and estimated evaporation using fuzzy models for testing period. fig.6: fuzzy inference system for first model.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 139 fig.7: the membership functions for wind speed, relative humidity, and temperature for the first model references: [1] kisi, o. 2006 daily pan evaporation modeling using a neuro-fuzzy computing technique. j. hydrology, 329, 636-646. [2] sudheer, k. p., gosain, a. k., rangan, d. m., and saheb, s. m. 2002 modelling evaporation using an artificial neural network algorithm. hydrologic process. 16, 3189-3202. [3] kumar, m. raghuwanshi, n. s, singh, r., wallendew, w. w., and pruitt, w. o. 2002 estimating evapotranspiration using artificial neural network. j. irrig. drain engr., asce 128(4), 224-233. [4] keskin, m. e., terzi, o, and trylon, d. 2004 fuzzy logic model approaches to daily pan evaporation estimation in western turkey. hydrological sciences, 49(6), 1001-1010. [5] parasuraman, k., elshorbagy, a. and corry, s. k. 2007 modelling the dynamics of the evapotranspiration process using genetic programming. hydrological sciences, 53(3), 565-578. [6] kim, s., and kim, h. s. 2007 neural networks and genetic algorithm approach for nonlinear evapotranspiration andj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 140 evapotranspiration modelling. j. hydrology, 351, 299-317. [7] aytek, a., guren, a., yuce, m. i. and aksoy, h. 2008 an explicit neural network formulation for evapotranspiration. hydrological sciences, 53(4), 893-904. [8] abdulla, sh., a. a., 2001. climatological atlas of iraq, director general iraqi meteorological organization, baghdad, iraq. [9] zadeh, l. a. 1965 fuzzy sets information and control, 8, 338– 353. [10] saemi, m. & ahmadi, m. 2008 integration of genetic and a coactive neuro-fuzzy inference system for permeability prediction form well logs data. transp porous med., 71, 273-288. [11] mamdani, e. h. and assilian, s. 1975 an experimental in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic control. int. j. man-machine studies. 7, 1–13. [12] takagi, t. and sugeno, m. 1985 identification of systems and its application to modeling and control insti. elect. electron. eng. trans. syst. man cybern. 15, 116–132. [13] matlab user’s guide 2008 fuzzy logic & neural networks toolboxes matlab cd-room, by the math works, inc. ةبضملا قطنملا ماذختسا يرهشلا رخبتلا ريذقتل ةيخانملا تامولعملا نم قارعلا بونج /هرامعلا يف ةيطع نسحم ءلاع * رداقلا ذبع ثحذم لامآ ** * / شصثناحعياج / وهعنا حهك / ضسلأا ىهع ىسق / ذعاسي رارسا / شصثنا قاشعنا ** اج / وهعنا حهك / ضسلأا وهع ىسق / ذعاسي رارسا / داذغت حعي / داذغت قاشعنا :ةصلاخلا شخثرنا ساذقي ساق اف هع حعثطنا ف حجنسذنا جسذهن حسئشنا خاكنا ذحا شخثرنا ذع ع شحرهن حساسذنا ز ي فذنا ا .شنا عساشن ظطخرنا ع لاضف حئانا خاثهطرنا ىقرن سشض ن ةثضنا قطنا حقذ حاكيا حساسذنا دشجا .شخلاا حخانا خايهعنا ي ششنا شخثرنا حقت ؤثره هع ادارعا 261 حتطشنا لذعي حششنا حاشنا حعشس لذعي حششنا جساشحنا خاجسد لذعي ي مكن اساق زلاث ءاشا ىذ .قاشعنا بج ف حعقانا جساعنا ءاا حطحي ف جشفرنا حششنا حثسنا حثثضي جرا ت ئاصحا شغري وذخرسا .ؤثرنا حهع هع خاشغرنا ز شثاذ ىقذ فذت حعري لاخدا خاشغري واذخرسا كذ زنا جرنا ات جئارنا خساشا .جسطنا جرانا حئادا ىقرن عتشرنا اطخنا ساذقي ذذحرنا مياعي ا حثسنا حتطشنا جساشحنا حجسد ناخدا خاشغري .ششنا شخثرنا ىق خذ ف مضفلاا حاشنا حعشس جساشحنا حجسد ظقف ناخدا شغري ك زنا ةثضنا جرنا ا هع اضا جئارنا دشت ذقف ،كنر ع لاضف ات ذكؤذ ات أثرنا حساقنا ىقنا ف قتاطرنا اف ،كنر نا حفاضلاات .شخثرنا خذ ف معاف جر شخلاا .شخثرنا حهع حكياد حجزن حكر حئلاي حقشط ةثضنا قطناj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 141 effect of temperature on reliability and degradation of 0.63μm laser diode saman q. mawlud* received 13, february, 2010 accepted 13, february, 2011 abstract: the reliability of optical sources is strongly dependent on the degradation and device characteristics are critically dependent on temperature. the degradation behaviours and reliability test results for the laser diode device (sony-dl3148-025) will be presented .these devices are usually highly reliable. the degradation behaviour was exhibited in several aging tests, and device lifetimes were then estimated. the temperature dependence of 0.63μm lasers was studied. an aging test with constant light power operation of 5mw was carried out at 10, 25, 50 and 70c for 100hours. lifetimes of the optical sources have greatly improved, and these optical sources can be applied to various types of transmission systems. within this degradation range, the device life for system application is estimated to be more than 100 h at 70 ºc at a constant power of 5mw. key words: ld reliability, lifetime test, temperature characteristics, semiconductor laser. introduction: in general, laser diode reliability may be defined as the ability to operate the device satisfactorily in a defined environment for a specified period of time. the development of economical fiber optic transmission systems, such as access network systems and local area networks (lan’s), is urgently needed in order to construct an infrastructure for the information networks of the near future. laser diodes are key components in such systems and they strongly influence the performance and total cost of system equipment. consequently, it is important to reduce the cost of the laser diodes and their modules while maintaining their high performance and high reliability [1]. the most reliable laser diode with high performance at the present includes buried heterostructure ingaasp ld’s with a 1.3μm wavelength, such as buried heterostructure (bh), double-channel-planar-buried-heterostructure (dc-pbh), and v-grooved substrate buried heterostructure (vsb) ld’s. these laser diodes have successfully achieved low threshold current, high efficiency, high stability, and long lifetime and are expected to be also highly reliable [2]. despite nearly 40 years of field service, the reliability of photonics devices is still an unresolved issue for the fiber optic data communications industry. since the invention of the semiconductor laser in 1962, photonics devices have evolved into indispensable components in virtually every data communication market including long-haul terrestrial, submarine, and metro applications [3]. as public acceptance and use of optical data communications increases, end users have come to expect a very high level of network availability. this expectation translates into equally *dept. of physics, science education collage, salahaddin universityj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 142 stringent requirements for the long-term reliability of individual photonics devices [4]. in comparison to other electronic devices, laser diode testing is complicated by the requirement to accurately measure both optical and electrical parameters and by the diverse package styles and power levels found in currently available laser diodes. laser diode life testing is used for part qualification during product development as well as for lot testing throughout the production life of the laser. life tests generally consist of high temperature accelerated aging of a sample group of lasers under carefully controlled conditions. [5]. degradation in laser diodes is substantially different from that in other electronic devices due to the radiative recombination process of electron-hole pairs and the presence of high optical power densities within the active region and at the output facets of the laser [1]. the primary degradation modes in laser diodes arise from (1) defects in the active inner region of the laser due to the growth of dislocations, (2) facet degradation due to oxidation, (3) electrode degradation due to metal diffusion into the inner region, (4) bond degradation, and (5) heat sink degradation. degradation may be enhanced by increased current, temperature, light output, and moisture. additionally, laser lifetimes may be shortened by electrical surges [6]. the experimental part and the used components were discussed in section ii. the basic characteristics of the (sony-dl3148-025) ld’s and the temperature effect on the reliability and life time are described in section iii, the results and discussion obtained are summarized in section iv and conclusion is presented in section v. materials and methods: in this study laser diode (sony-dl3148-025) was used, it was obtained from thorlabs company, at temperature 25ºc the laser diode (ld) has a characteristics of wavelength 0.63μm, output power 5mw and threshold current around 20ma. a laser chip is mounted on a thermoelectric cooler (tec) for stabilizing the temperature; the temperature control can be a critical issue in laser diode design, due to the strong temperature dependence of threshold current, quantum efficiency and device lifetime [7]. the laser diode and tec were mounted on a heatsink for absorbing the heat pump from the tec. the experimental work was a two-step test. in the first step, the laser diodes were operated at a constant driving current 20ma at 25ºc for 100 hours. the main characteristics (threshold current, differential quantum efficiency and device temperature) were calculated and the relation between lifetime and the output power was obtained. in the second step the laser diode was operated at different temperature (15, 25, 40, 55, and 70) ºc for 100 hours. the screening criterion for this step is to study the effect of temperature on the life time of the laser diode. temperature effect on the reliability and life time the lifetime of a laser diode can be approximated by the following relationship. given an initial power output of the device po and the exponential lifetime τ, the power output over time t, can be extrapolated as in equation (1) [8]: t out e p t p ………… (1) assume that for a given time t, the power output of the device has dropped to a percentage from the initial power level such that power ratio, pr pout/po and solve for t such that, ) ln( r p t ……….… (2)j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 143 for determining the relationship between temperatures of the device to predict lifetime an arrhenius relationship can be expressed as [8]: kt ea ce t ………. (3) where: ea is the activation energy for the device in units of ev, k is boltzmann's constant 1.38 * 10 -23 joules/kelvin, t is absolute temperature, (273.2c) in units of kelvin, and c is the device constant. given known activation energy ea, operating temperature to and lifetime of the device to, the constant can be calculated by: kt ea e t c ……..… (4) or as a ratio, t1 can be solved in terms of t1 given to and to such that: 1 1 kt ea kt ea e e t t …………. (5) simplifying the above equation in order to solve for t1 as a function of the temperature for accelerated life testing, we get [9]: 1 1 1 1 t t k ea e t t …..….. (6) changes in temperature must be taken into account during the operation of a laser diode. a relatively small temperature change can easily destroy the device by allowing too much current to flow through the pn junction because any increase in current causes an increase in optical output. if this optical output increases beyond its maximum permitted value, the facets on the ends of the fabry-perot cavity will burn out causing the unit to be destroyed. optical and electrical properties of these ld’s such as light output versus current (i-p) and voltage versus current (i-v) curves before, during, and after constant current aging were measured. the operation current of these ld’s biased above threshold under a constant optical output power (5 mw) was measured as a function of aging time at various temperatures. fig.(1), shows typical light power and current characteristics of (sony-dl3148-025) before the aging test. the threshold current is about 20 ma and threshold voltages 1.88v at 25ºc. the output power is more than 5mw at 21.5ma, and power saturation does not occur at driving current of less than 21.5ma. the typical temperature dependence of the current-light output power characteristics is shown in fig. (2). the threshold current and the slope efficiency were respectively 19.8 ma and 0.42w/a at 25ºc. the degradation of laser diode is usually caused by an increase in the nonradiative recombination, where the threshold current increases and the slope efficiency scarcely changes from the initial value at the same current bias after lasing. this is due to the fact that the injected carrier lifetime and threshold carrier density remain constant during degradation, although the threshold current increases [6]. as shown in fig. (3), however, the slope efficiency gradually decreases and the threshold current increases when the device is operating at higher temperature. this decrease in the slope efficiency indicates that degradation of the laser cavity, that is, an increase in optical absorption loss is generated. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 19 21.5 driving current (ma) fig.(1): typical i-p and i-v characteristics of the (sony-dl3148-025) before aging tests at 25 ºc. light power (mw) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 bias voltage (volt)j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 144 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 driving current (ma) fig.(2): temperature dependence of light vs current light power (mw) 2.85 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25 15 25 40 55 70 temperature (ºc) fig.(3):typical change in threeshold current- slope efficiency characteristics with temperature ln ith (ma) 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 s.e (mw/ma) results and discussion: fig.(4) shows the light-output power and the driving-current characteristics for several high-stress test times. the degradation of light power at less than about 100 h is mainly due to the threshold-current increase and the slope-efficiency decrease which led to an increase in the driving current at power saturation. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 driving current (ma) fig.(4): light output power and driving current characteristics at several test times at 25 ºc. light power (mw) 0h 100h 75h 50h 25h the change in light output power with high test time is shown in fig.(5). the light power gradually decreases for about 25 h, and it decreases more at around 100 h. the large increase in the driving current is mainly due to the light-power saturation caused by the device temperature rise, and the maximum power due to light-power saturation limits the device lifetime. r 2 0.9774 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 aging time (hours) fig.(5):change in light output power with a time of test. output power (mw) the rate of degradation was examined as a function of the injected current. for ld’s operating under the constant optical output power aging condition, the operation current is measured as a function of the aging time to determine the lifetime of the ld’s. fig.(6) shows the dependence of the threshold current increase on the aging time. the threshold current increased in proportion to the aging time. this degradation behaviour, in which the threshold current increased and the slope efficiency decreased, is influenced mainly by the increase in internal optical loss in the cavity and in nonradiative recombination process. the main cause of degradation in the inner region is directionally dependent on the crystal structure as well as dependent on the material used for the source [9]. a digital camera, to take an image of the output beam, was used to reveal the degradation of the laser diode. the images of the laser diode obtained after aging times are shown in fig.(7). r 2 0.9995 2.86 2.88 2.9 2.92 2.94 2.96 2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 aging time (hours) fig.(6): relative threshold current changes as a function of aging time. ln ith (ma) 25ºc 15ºc 40ºc 55ºc 70ºcj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 145 fig.(7a) shows the image of the laser diode, which was taken at 0h. it contains neither a dark line nor a dark spots. any dark line might appear in the image of the laser before any operation will fail to operate properly [10]. the light power linearly increased as the driving current was increased to about 20 ma and saturated at more than 20 ma. this saturation is attributed to the fact that the temperature rise of the laser diode due to driving current affects the light power characteristic. as shown in fig. (7b), a dark spot appeared after 100 h aging, even though the driving current was less than 20 ma. a dark spot is observed at the centre of the image at a driving current of more than 20 ma. because the intensity decreases with aging time, the degradation is attributed to an increase in nonradiative defect density [1]. (a) (b) fig.(7): images of the (sony-dl3148-025) at t25ºc. (a) undegraded device at driving current of 20 ma and aging time 0 h. (b) degraded device at driving current of 20 ma and aging time 100 h. the ld emits more light as the forward current is increased. this analysis indicates that the dominant failure mechanism for these lds is significantly different from one of the major failure mechanisms causing degradation in 630 nm leds [8]. using mathcad 14 package, the real image of the spot in fig.(7) a,b can be converted to a greyscale image; the logical analysis was then performed to study the change in the characteristics of the laser diode spot [11]. fig.(8) shows the intensity distribution of the laser diode as a function of distance for 2 aging times. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 distance (μm) light intensity (arb.unit) 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 20 40 60 80 100 distance (μm) light intensity (arb.unit) (a) (b) fig.(8): intensity distribution of (sony-dl3148-025) at t25 ºc. (a) aging time 0 h. (b) aging time 100 h.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 146 the lognormal distribution used to model failure times is probably the most commonly used distributions in reliability applications [12]. fig.(9) represents the lognormal distribution for a failure time to a cumulative failure probability of a laser diode at a specific condition, 70 ºc and 6 hours time of operation. the resulting plots (below) shows that line up approximately on a straight line indicate a good fit to a lognormal. r 2 0.9396 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 time to fallure (minute) fig. (9): represents the lognormal distribution plot for a time failure data at a condition, 70 ºc junction temperature. comulaitive failure probability conclusion: degradation characteristics of (sony-dl3148-025) were studied. lifetimes of the optical sources have been greatly improved by several tests of laser diode under different temperature and aging time. at 25ºc the threshold current and the slope efficiency respectively 19.8 ma and 0.42w/a at 25ºc were obtained. no evidence of dark lines or dark spots were observed at 0h, but a dark spots was generated after 100 h aging. the increased current causes the device temperature to rise, and finally bring about the large current increase due to the temperature rise and the light power saturation. thermal effects play an important role in accelerating the device degradation. the laser diodes continued to operate over a wide range of temperatures. the lifetime of the laser diode under test had been confirmed to be more than 6380 h by using arrhenius relationship at 25 c at 5 mw and 200 h at 70 c at 2.38 mw. acknowledgment i would like to thank dr. muzahim i. azawe from university of mosul for the technical comments and for the review of the paper and i would like also to thank dr. mudhafar m. ameen from university of salahaddin for contributing helpful suggestions for this paper. references: 1. takeshita, t. t. kagawa, tateno, k. tadanaga, o. tohmori, y. and amano, c. 2002. “degradation behaviour of 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with an air-post index-guide structure” lwt, 20 (4): 722-728. 2. fujita, o. nakano, y. and iwane, g. 1985. “reliability of semiconductor lasers for undersea optical transmission systems” ieee ted. 32 (12): 2603-2608. 3. huang, j. 2006. “reliability-extrapolation methodology of semiconductor laser diodes: is a quick life test feasible?” ieee tdmr 6 (1): 46-51. 4. j. huang, 2005, “temperature and current dependences of reliability degradation of buried heterostructure semiconductor lasers”, ieee tdmr. 5 (1): 150-154. 5. l. a. johnson, 1998, “generic reliability assurance requirements for optoelectronic devices used in telecommunications equipment”, gre-468-core, bell core. 6. m. fukuda, “reliability and degradation of semiconductor lasers and led’s”. norwood, ma: artech house, 1991. 7. opnext, 2003. “opt device data book”, hitachi, opnext japan, inc. 8. agrawal g. p. and dutta, n. k. 1986. “long-wavelength semiconductor laser”, at&bellj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 147 laboratories, van nostrand reinhold company inc. 9. ott, m. s. aerospace, 1997. “capabilities and reliability of leds and laser diodes”, technology validation assurance group. 10. michael, r. w. herrick, p. m. petroff, m. k. hibbs-brenner and r. a. morgan, 1996. “degradation mechanisms of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers”, ieee tra, 34: 211-213. 11. boya, a. f. and abdullah, a. i. 2005, “study of the influence of the magnetic field on mqw laser through image processing”, 2nd international conference on advanced optoelectronics and laser, pp: 270-273. 12. jae-ho h and sung-wong p., 2007. “reliability of loss-coupled 1.55 µm dfb laser diode with automatically buried absorptive in asp layer”, mot lett, 49:636-638. رزيل يئانثلا مداقتلاو ةيقوثوملا ىلع ةرارحلا ريثأت 36,0 رتيموركيام دولوم رداق ناماس * * ءازفلا هسق – ناسقلاا ةبشحلا ةمك ةىمعلا – ذلاحلاص ةعواج - قاشعلا/ياحسدشك همقا ةصلاخلا : ذدىحعج سزدملا ئادث يئادص يإ نداد حلا دم شدرك ك دكب ذدىحعج ةئضلا سداصىلا ف ةقثىلا يإ سزدملا ئادال ةدقثىلا نداد حلا تاكمدس سادرح إ ئادح ةدساسد ثىج .ةساشحلا ةجسد م جشح ك كب (sony-dl3148-025) ة ذد ف ضشعج هج ذق ندا حلا كمس ,ةلا ةقثو تار ةدا ي ج تاسزملا ز يأب رج , تار دداد سزدملا ةدداىح إ ةساسد ثشجأ ,تائاالا زل وزلا شىعلا شذ ج اللا و هج ,ةشى تاسارح إ جىلا لطلا 0.63 شحوش او ءاشجأ هج .ةساشحلا ةجسد م ةحباث ةئض ةسذ ل شىعلا سارح لاا 5 طا مو ةفمحخو ةساشح تاجسد ذ 10 25 50 70 ن ةذىل 100 سدادصىلا زدل دوزلا شدىعلا دسحج هدج ذد ف .ة ادس ازد ىدض .لادسسنا ةدىاأ د و ةدف م ح خ ىلا خاد ا دف اد رطج ةئدضلا سدادصىلا زدل د ى ,ك كب ةئضلا و ذىلا دو شداكأ أ ذجف تاسزملا زل وزلا شىعلا شذ ج هج ذ ف ندا حلا 100 ةساشدح ةدجسد ذد ة ادس 70 ن اساذ و ةحباث ةسذق ذ 5 .طا موj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 841 a proposed mathematical expression for computer design of electrostatic mirror mahdi a. mohammed* received 10, february, 2010 accepted 13, february, 2011 abstract: a computational investigation has been carried out on the design and properties of the electrostatic mirror. in this research, we suggest a mathematical expression to represent the axial potential of an electrostatic mirror. the electron beam path under zero magnification condition had been investigated as mirror trajectory with the aid of fourth – order – runge – kutta method. the spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients of mirror has computed and normalized in terms of the focal length. the choice of the mirror depends on the operational requirements, i.e. each optical element in optical system has suffer from the chromatic aberration, for this case, it is use to operate the mirror in optical system at various values of chromatic aberration to correct it in that system. key words: electrostatic mirror – mirror aberration. introduction: electron mirror is used to correct the aberration of lenses, this idea are back to the middle of twentieth century [1]. an electron mirror is creating when an electrode with sufficiently high negative potential is placed in the path of an electron beam. the negative electrode forms a potential hill that decelerates the incident electrons, these electrons are lose their kinetic energy before reaching the electrode and are back to re–accelerated in the reverse direction. (i.e. the electrons towards away from the electrode) [2]. unlike a light optics mirror, where the reflection occurs at the physical surface, the electron mirror represents a "soft" mirror, which allows the electrons to penetrate into the inhomogeneous reflection medium formed by the electrostatic potential [3]. early in the development of the electron optics theory, scherzer showed that under the assumption of static field, rotational symmetric lens, a pace charge free beam or a beam in which the velocity component does not reverse direction, any lens or lens system always suffers from chromatic and spherical aberrations. by introducing a reflection in the electron path using an electron mirror, the electron beam direction reverses and the electron velocity changes sign, thus the scherzer theorem no longer applies [4]. in case of ion mirror, there is a potential hill in the ion mirror in which a time shift occurs as ion enters the mirror, are accelerated, turn around, and finally accelerate in the reverse direction [5]. in ion mirror there is one hard reflecting point, this surface dose not necessarily coincide with either the physical location of the turn around point of the ion mirror or a physical electrode surface [6]. the field inside a parabolic mirror (reflection) is curved along the axis and according to the laplace equation it also has a curvature *department of physics, wasit university, wasit, iraq e-mail: mahdi.a85@gmail.comj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 841 in a radial (or transverse) direction [7]. in electrostatic ion mirror the electrostatic field continuously changes in the interface region between the retarding and repelling fields, and electric field extends out from the retarding field region into the field – free drift path [8]. materials and methods: the axial potential equation a potential distribution function has been suggested to represents an electrostatic mirror in the following form: 2 ( ) 1 ( ) a u z z b … (1) whereas a is the maximum high potential field, and b is the area of field. figure (1.a) shows the axial potential distribution at the mirror length and figure (1.b) shows the first and second derivatives of the potential. this potential computed at a 50 v and b 55 mm 2 because at this values, we got the minimum spherical and chromatic aberrations coefficients. the second derivatives of the potential has one infliction point, hence the mirror has two electrodes [9]. fig. (1): the potential and its first and second derivatives. a- the axial potential distribution. b- the first and second derivatives of the potential. the trajectory equation and mirror aberration the equation of motion of charge particle traveling at a non relativistic velocity in the electrostatic field can be reduced to the following paraxial ray equation [10] 2 2 ' " 0 2 4 d r u dr u r u dz u dz … (2) whereas u' and u'' are the first and second derivatives of the axial potential u respectively. r represents the radial displacement of the beam form the axis z and the primes denote a derivative with respect to z. the most important aberrations in an electron-optical system are spherical and chromatic aberration.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 851 the spherical aberration cs and chromatic aberration cc referred to the image/ object side is calculated from the following equations [11]. …(3) 2 1 ' ' 2 1 " ' 4 zi c z u r u u r c dz u u r r u ... (4) where uu(z) is the axial potential, the primes denote derivatives with respect to z, and u u (zο) is the potential at the object side where z zο. where zo and zi are the object and image coordinates, respectively. results and discussion: the ion beam path along the electrostatic mirror field under zero magnification condition represented by equation (2) and accelerating mode of operation has been considered. taking various values of the constant a under consideration, it has been found that the relative aberration coefficients are not change. thus the value a 50 v has been maintained as a constant one in computing the field and the trajectory at various values of b. figure (2) shows the trajectory of an electron beam in the electrostatic mirror field at various values of b. the trajectory normalized in terms of electrode length. these trajectories realized the beam reflection at various values of b (55, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105) mm 2 . -0.40 0.00 0.40 z / l 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.056 0.060 0.064 r / l b55 b65 b75 b85 b95 b105 fig. (2): the reflection of electron beam trajectory like a light optical mirror, where the reflection occurs at the physical surface, the beam reflection point at nearly in the middle of the axis of electrodes. it is seen that, the trajectory is more deflected from the axis where b increased. the aberration coefficients of electrostatic mirror have been computed with the aid of the corresponding trajectory of the electron beam. we realized the reflection of electron beam trajectory at values range of constant b which determined between 55 mm 2 to 105 mm 2 . under this range, we computed the aberration coefficients of electrostatic mirror. figure (3) shows the relative spherical aberration coefficient cs/fi of the electrostatic mirror as a function of the constant b under zero magnification condition. 2 2 5 " 5 ' 4 24 3 1/2 14 ' ' 4 4 3 16 ' 2 2 3 ' ' 2 2 u u u u zi u u r cs u r dz u r r z u r u rj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 858 fig. (3): the relative spherical aberration coefficient the spherical aberration coefficient has been computed with aid of equation (3). the trajectory shown in figure (2) has been used for computing the relative spherical aberration coefficient as a function of constant b. the spherical aberration coefficient increase when the values of b increase too. it is seen that cs/fi has a minimum value at b 55 mm 2 . at this value of constant b, the value of (cs/fi)min is equal to 0.097. the chromatic aberration coefficients have been computed with the aid of equation (4). the relative chromatic aberration coefficient cc/fi has been computed as a function of constant b. figure (4) shows that cc/fi increase with increasing b. fig. (4): the relative chromatic aberration coefficient the minus value of the chromatic aberration cc indicated beam direction reverses and the electron velocity changes sign. if we increased in value of b above from 105mm 2 , the chromatic aberration towards to positive value because the electron beam trajectory deflect not reflect from the axis. in this case, the electron motion in one direction and it has positive value of velocity. conclusion: it appears that concepts put forward in the present investigation with regard to the mathematical expression for the axial potential and the electron beam to produce a good result from the electron – optical point of view was significant. we conclude that the chromatic aberration coefficient is always in negative sign, while the spherical aberration coefficient, excitation parameter, and the focal length are in positive sign. then we can use such lenses to correct aberration. the maximum value of axial potential distribution cannot change in the aberrations values. references: [1] barnett, m. e., and nixon, w. c. 1966. a mirror electron microscope 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 cs / fi b(mm 2 ) cs / fi 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 -160.00 -120.00 -80.00 -40.00 0.00 cc / fi b(mm 2 ) cc / fij. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 851 using magnetic lenses, sci. instrum., 44: 893-898. [2] kuehler, j. d. 1960. a new electron mirror design, j. ibm, 4: 202-204. [3] rose, h., and wan, w. 2005. aberration correction in electron microscopy, proc. ieee, particle accel. conf., knoxville, tennessee., 5: 44-48. [4] feng, j., forest, e., macdowell, a. a., marcus, m., padmore, h., raoux, s., robin, d., scholl, a., schlueter, r., schmid, p., stohr, j., wan, w., wei, d. h., and wu, y. 2005. an x-ray photoemission electron microscope using an electron mirror aberration corrector for the study of complex materials, j. phys: condens. matter., 17: 1339-1350. [5] zhang, j., and enke, c. g. 2000. simple cylindrical ion mirror with three element, j. am. soc. mass spectrum., 11: 759-746. [6] rockwood, a. l. 1999. stability conditions for multiply reflection electrostatic ion trap, j. am. soc. mass spectrum., 10: 241-245. [7] doroshenko, v. m., and cotter, r. j. 1999. ideal velocity focusing in a reflection time – of – flight mass spectrometer, j. am. soc. mass spectrum., 10: 992-999. [8] scherer, s., altwegg, k., balsiger, h., fischer, j., jackel, a., korth, a., mildner, m., piazza, d., reme, h., and wurz, p. 2006. a novel principle for an ion mirror design in time – of – flight mass spectrometry, international j. mass spectrometry, 251: 73-81. [9] szilagyi, m. 1988. electron and ion optics, plenum press: new york, 1, 361. [10] grivent, p., 1972. electron optics, pergamon: oxfords and new york, 1, 174. [11] szilagyi, m., and szep, j. 1987. a systematic analysis of symmetric three – electrode electrostatic lenses, ieee trans., 34: 2634-2642. تينىكسورهك ةآرمل يبىساح ميمصتل يضاير ريبعت حارتقا دمحم دمحأ يدهم * * طساو ،طساو تعهاج ،ءاضفلا نسق – قاشعلا تصلاخلا : تضاس تلداعه احشخقا ،ثحبلا ازه ف .تىكسوشهك ةآشه صاىخو نوصح يع بىساح ثحب يشجا طسد .تىكسوشهكلا ةآشول يسىحولا ذهجلا لثوح ىلع يشفصلا شبكخلا طشش جحح توشخكللاا تهضحلا ساسه تقشطب تاعخسلااب حآشه ساسه اها fourth – order – runge – kutta يوشكلا غضلا ثلاداعه جبسحو . شصع لك كلرو لغشخلا ثاهضلخسه ىلع ذوخع ةآشولا ساخخا ىا .يسؤبلا ذعبلا تللاذب اهشعح نحو ةآشولل ىللاو ف يشصب تفلخخه نق ذع تشصب تهىظه ف ةآشولا لغشح يكو تلاحلا زه ف ،ىل غص يه اع ماظ يا .ماظلا كلر ف اهححصخل ىللا غضللj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 351 adsorption study for trifluralin on iraqi α –alumina nafeesa j. kadhim* received 5, march, 2011 accepted 25, may, 2011 abstract: equilibrium adsorption isotherm for the removal of trifluralin from aqueous solutions using α –alumina clay has been studied. the result shows that the isotherms were s3 according giels classification. the effects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, effect of ph and temperature of trifluralin on the adsorption capacities have been investigated. the adsorption isotherms were obtained by obeying freundlich adsorption isotherm with (r 2 0.91249-0.8149). the thermodynamic parameters have been calculated by using the adsorption process at five different temperature, the values of h, g and s were ( _ 1.0625) kj. mol -1 , (7.628 - 7.831) kj.mol -1 and ( _ 2.7966 - _ 2.9162) kg. k -1 . mol -1 respectively. the kinetic study of adsorption process has been studied depending on three kinetic equations: 1- allergen equation 2- morris –weber eguation 3- reichenberg eguation. in general, the result shows the isotherm were on α- alumina according to giels classification. α –alumina and thermodynamic key words: trifluralin, adsorbent, introduction: trifluralin [α, α, α –trifluoro-2, 6 dintro-n, n-dipropyl-p-toluidine] used for the control of broadleaf weeds in wide variety of crops including cotton, brassica, soybeans and ornamentals among others [1]. some studies indicated that herbicides are readily on organic matter and the clay. the effective of the soil applied herbicides is dependent on their relative availability in the soil, the latter being regulated by the extent of adsorption on soil colloids, especially the soil organic matter content [2]. herbicides are readily adsorbed on organic matter and the clay fraction of the soil [3]. studies conducted by parka [2] indicated that trifluralin was strongly adsorbed by organic metter and clay. the effective rate required for weed control increased as the organic matter and clay control increased. marilia [4] studies of adsorption of trifluralin on chitosan, the adsorption results were well fitted to langmuir adsorption model. trifluralin should be incorporated in to the soil by mechanical means with 24 hours of application; granular formulations may be incorporated by overhead irrigation [5]. trifluralin is available in granular and emulsifiable concentrate formulation [5]. adsorption is the tendence for accumulation of substance to take place at a surface or at an interface the accummenence of adsorption is due to the atoms in any surface being subject to unbalanced forces of attraction perpendicular to the surface plance and these forces possessing a certain unsaturation [6-7]. * dep.of chemistry/college of science for women / university of baghdad.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 351 freundlich isotherm is one of the most important isotherm that deals with sorption at solid –liquid interface [8]. freundich equation could be written as follows [9, 10]: q k f ce 1 / n ----------- (1) log q log kf 1 / n log ce ----- (2) where q is the adsorbate quantity (mg \l), ce is the concentration of adsorbate at equilibrium (mg \l), kf and n is the sorption capacity and an empirical parameter, respectively and also called freundlichconstants. the magor objective of this work is to minimize the concentration of trifluralin in aqueous solution to the acceptable levels, by removing it via and an adsorption process is used and the optimum conditions for adsorption process have been found. materials and method: the α– alumina clay was supplied from the state company for geological survey and mining –iraq, the α-alumina had the following composition as shown in fig- the clay was ground and sieved to particle size less than75μm. all spectral and absorbance measurements wave carried out on using uv –vis shimadzu t60 v spectrophotometer with 1 cm matched quartz cell. the prepared ten aqueous solutions of trifluralin in the range (10 -100) ppm and took the absorbance of these solutions at the wave length 273 nm, in order to determine calibration curve. prepared the aqueous solution of different concentrations of trifluralin and add to it 0.25 of the α – alumina, and then place in the thermostated shaker water bath with speed 100 rpm for 2 hours and then separated by centrifuge with speed 3000 rpm and hardened absorbance of each solution. the experiment were repeated at different temperature (298, 303, 308, 313 and 318) k the quantity of adsorbate has been calculated by using the following formula: qe vsol. (co –ce) / m ----------- (3) where qe is the quantity of adsorbate (mg\g), vsol. is the total volume of adsorbate solution (l), co is the initial concentration of adsorbate solutions (mg.l -1 ), ce is the concentration of adsorbate solution at equilibrium (mg .l -1 ), m is the weight of adsorbant (g). results and discussion: the equilibrium of triflurali was studied as a function of concentration. the amount of trifluralin qe plotted against the equilibrium concentration ce for trifluralin, was given in figure (1) and table (1). table (1) the values of qe and ce at different time for 50 ppm trifluralin solution at 298k. ce / mg. l -1 qe / mg. g -1 time / mint 95.921 0.407 15 86.705 1.329 30 42.392 5.76 60 27.49 7.251 90 22.196 7.78 120 fig. (1) the variation of qe with equilibrium time for 50 ppm trifluralin solution at 298k. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 50 100 150 time/ mint qe / mg. g-1j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 355 the equilibrium adsorption isotherm of trifluralin increases with the increase of initial of adsorbent concentration. freandlich isotherm are the most frequently employed models to describe the equilibrium characteristics of adsorption isotherm. the linearised from of the freandlich equation[9, 10] is as follows: log q log kf 1 / n log ce ----- (2) the freundlich isotherm constants kf and 1 / n can be calculated from the plot between log qe and log ce fig.(3). kf (mg / g), 1\n (l / g) and n are the freundlich constants. table (2) and figure (2) are shown the freundlich data which are indicators of adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity, respectively. table (2)-the values of co, ce, qe, log ce and log qe for the adsorption of trifluralin solutions at different temperatures. 298k 303k co/ mg. l - 1 ce/ mg.l -1 qe/ mg. g -1 log ce log qe co/ mg. l -1 ce/ mg.l -1 qe/ mg. g -1 log ce log qe 60 33.558 2.644 1.525 0.422 60 46.029 1.397 1.663 0.145 80 61.088 1.891 1.785 0.276 80 62.147 1.785 1.793 0.251 100 74.558 2.544 1.872 0.405 100 70.441 2.955 1.847 0.47 120 81.558 3.844 1.911 0.584 120 70.97 4.903 1.851 0.69 140 94.911 4.508 1.977 0.653 140 85.97 5.403 1.934 0.732 160 128.205 3.179 2.107 0.502 160 95.5 6.45 1.98 0.809 180 124.5 5.55 2.095 0.744 180 97.558 8.244 1.989 0.916 200 136.97 6.303 2.136 0.799 200 105.382 9.461 2.022 0.975 308k 313k co/ mg. l -1 ce/ mg.l -1 qe/ mg. g -1 log ce log qe co/ mg. l -1 ce/ mg.l -1 qe/ mg. g -1 log ce log qe 60 41.264 1.873 1.615 0.272 60 45.029 1.497 1.653 0.175 80 52.029 2.797 1.716 0.446 80 57.147 2.285 1.756 0.358 100 61.617 3.838 1.789 0.584 100 70.679 2.932 1.849 0.467 120 73.735 4.626 1.867 0.665 120 88.852 3.114 1.948 0.493 140 83.264 5.673 1.92 0.753 140 95.088 4.491 1.978 0.652 160 86.558 7.344 1.937 0.865 160 112.617 4.738 2.051 0.675 180 105.558 7.444 2.023 0.871 180 118.088 6.191 2.072 0.791 200 124.147 7.585 2.093 0.879 200 125.029 7.497 2.097 0.874 318k co/ mg. l -1 ce/ mg.l -1 qe/ mg. g -1 log ce log qe 60 49.441 1.055 1.694 0.023 80 67.441 1.255 1.828 0.098 100 86.97 1.303 1.939 0.114 120 96.088 2.391 1.982 0.378 140 111.147 2.885 2.045 0.46 160 116.5 4.35 2.066 0.638 180 121.617 5.838 2.084 0.766 200 131.794 6.82 2.119 0.833j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 351 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 50 100 150 ce mg / l-1 qe mg / g-1 t 25 c t 30 c t 35 c t 40 c t 45 fig. (2)-the plot of qe against ce for the adsorption trifluralin solutions at different temperatures. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 log ce log qe t 25 c t 30 c t 35 c t 40 c t 45 c fig. (3)- freundilch linear relationship between log qe and log ce for trifluralin solutions at different temperature. table (3) shows the freundlich constants at different temperatures. t r 2 n kf 25 0.924 0.5659 0.758 30 0.914 0.2989 0.478 35 0.933 0.7173 1.445 40 0.9433 0.7344 0.794 45 0.814 0.4278 0.301 effect of ph: the effect of initial ph on α-alumina was examined over arrange of ph values from 2 to 10 and the result are presented in fig. (4) and table (4), the adsorption amounts of trifluralin were higher at lower ph. the increase of trifluralin sorption at acidic ph should be due to the electro static attraction between positively charged groups of biomaterial surface and the metal- anion, which is the dominant species at low ph. also, at low ph, there is presence of a larger number of h ions, which in turn neutralize the negatively charged adsorbent surface thereby reducing hindrance to the diffusion of trifluralin. table (4) the quantity of adsorption at different ph value, using α-alumina at 298k for 100 ppm trifluralin solution. ph qe/ mg. g -1 ce/ mg. l -1 2 9.7967 2.0327 4 9.5344 4.6557 6 9.518 4.8196 8 9.1737 8.2622 10 8.977 10.2295 fig. (4)the quantity of adsorption at different ph value, using α-alumina at 298k for 100 ppm trifluralin solution. effect of ionic strength: we study of the effects of strength ion by adding different concentrations nacl, and found that the amount of material adsorbed on all surfaces decreases with increases concentration of nacl solution,because the added concentration of nacl solutions cause an increase in competition between ions of the trifluralin and electrolyte ions on the adsorption sites on the surface [13]. table (5) the adsorption isotherms of 100 ppm trifluralin solution at 298 k of different concentrations nacl. c / m of na cl ce / mg. l -1 qe / mg. g -1 0.001 0.095 9.9904 0.01 0.053 9.9946 0.1 0.022 9.9978 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10 0 5 10 15 ph qe mg / gj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 351 effect of temperature and thermodynamic parameters: the adsorption of trifluralin at five different temperatures has been carried out. trifluralin adsorption decreases with increasing temperature, showing the exothermic nature of the process. the thermodynamic functions h, g, and s have been calculated by using the following formulas [12-15]: g - rt ln k --------------- (4) l n k -h /rt constant -------- (5) g h - ts ----------------- (6) in the equation (4), where g is the change in the value of free energy (kj .mol -1 ), r was the gas constant [8.314 (j.mol -1 .deg -1 )], k is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant of adsorption process. the plotting of log xm against 1000/t we get linear relationship and slope represents- h/r. table (6) show the thermodynamic functions of the adsorption process t (k) h (kj. mol -1 ) g s (j.mol -1 .k) 298 -1.0625 7.628 -2.9162 303 6.074 -2.3552 308 7.162 -2.6702 313 7.325 -2.6797 318 7.831 -2.7966 from the table (6), it's clear that h has the negative values, which indicator the ideal and the maximum value of physics-sorption process. all values of g were positive, these values indicate that the adsorption process accompanied the process of absorption. as the spreading molecules adsorbed inside the pores of the α-alumina and increases speed of deployment with increasing temperature and this behavior is attributable to additional absorption. s was had the negative values, this indicates that the adsorbed molecules are arranged on the surface as a results of its association with α-alumina. this is the normal consequence of the physical adsorption phenomenon, which takes phase through electrostatic interactions. kinetic analyses: the kinetic of the adsorption process has been studied via introducing three models: 1- lagergren model: the equation of this model could be expressed as follows [11] : ln qe – qt ln qe – kads. t --------- (7) where qt and qe are the amount of trifluralin kads. / mint -1 is the rate constant .qt and qe values are given in table (7) at 298 k. table (7) the values qt and qe of trifluralin of 100 ppm at 298k. time qt qe qe - qt ln qe - qt 15 4.079 77.804 73.725 4.3003 30 13.295 64.509 4.1668 60 57.608 20.196 3.0054 90 72.51 5.294 1.6665 120 77.804 0.000 0.000 fig (5) the lagergren model for atrifluealin of 100 ppm at 298k 2- morris –weber model: the kinetic model was used to estimate the rate limiting step of any adsorption process, the equation of this model could be expressed as follows [11]: qt kd t ------------------ (8) where qt is the quantity of adsorbed material at any tim\mg.g -1 , kd is the diffusion constant, antt is time of diffusion \mint, the plotting of qt 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 50 100 150 time ln qe_qtj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 351 against t was accomplished at 298k. figure (6) shows the plot of qt against t for trifjuralin of 100 ppm at 298k. fig (6) the plot of qt against t for trifluralin of 100 ppm at 298k. 3- reichenberg model: this kinetic model has been proposed to discuss the behavior of many adsorption process in solution and reichenberg had introduced following formula [11]: f (1-6/π 2 ) e –bt ----- (9) bt- o.4977-ln (1-f) ---- (10) fqt /qe ----- (11) plotting of time (mint) against bt revealed a linear relationship with relatively acceptable r 2 values. figure (7) shows the variation of bt with time for trifluralin of 100 ppm at 298 k. according to this model, it characterized the rate determining mechanisms which was diffusion process for trifluralin ions from the bulk solution to the absorbent surface and absorption occurred. fig. (7) the variation of bt with time for trifluralin of 100 ppm at 298 k. references: [1]- who, 2003trifluralin in drin king –water. background document for preparation of who guidelines for drilling water quality,geneva ,world health organization (who/ sde/ wsh/ 03.04/ 43): 1-4. [2]- grover r., "adsorption and desorption of trifluralin, triallate and diallate by various adsorbents", 1974, j. weed science, 22, (4): 405-408. [3]- parra s. j. and tepe j .b., 1969 ,"the disappearance of trifluralin from field soils", j. weed science, 17(1): 119-122. [4]- goulart m. o. f., 2008, "adsorption studies of trifluralin on chitosan and its voltammetric determination on a modified chitosan glassy carbon electrode", j. braz. chem. soc. 19(4): 704- 710. [5]- meister r. t., 1992, farm chemicals handbook 92.meister publishing company willoughby. [6]- gregg j. and sing k. s. w., 1982 "adsorption surface area and porosity", 2 nd ed ., acadimc press, london. [7]- kurniawan t. a., chon g. y. s. and bobel w. h. lo, s. , 2006, "comparisons of low –cost adsorbents for treating waste water laden with heavy metals " sci. total environ., 366: 409-426. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 5 10 15 t qt 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 -1 0 1 2 3 bt timej. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 351 [8]- thomans w. g. and crittenden b., 1998, "adsorption technology and design ", butter worth hiene mann. [9]- hussien a. and falah h., 1993, "thermodynamic of liquids and solution",al-qadisiayah university. [10]- metcal f. and eddy a., 1991 "waste water engineering" 3th ed. wiley, london. [11]- kipling j. j., 1965, "adsorption from solution of non .electrolytes ", academic press, london, pp.101-257. [12]- gaik wad r. w., 2004, "removal of cd (ii) from aqueous solution by activated charcoal derived from coconut shell," j. environ. agric. food chem., ejeaf che. 3 (4):702-709. [13]- vinod v. p. and anirudhan t. s., 2001 "sorption of tannic acids on zirconium pillared clay" j. chem. technol. biotechnol., 77: 92- 101. [14]- horsfall m. j., abia a. a. and spiff a. i., 2003, "removal of cr (ii) and zn (ii) ion from wastewater by cassava waste biomass", j. biotechnol., 2,(10): 360- 364. [15]- entizaei m. h . and bastami t. r., 2006, "sono- sorption as a new method fro the removal of lead ion from aqueous solution", j.hazard.mater, b137: 959-964. [16]- mckay y. s. ho. g., 2000, "the kinetic of sorption of divalent metal ions on to sphagnum moss peat ", water ress, 34: 735-742. [17]- won ngoh w. s., hanafish m. ak. and yong s. s., 2008, " adsorption ofhumic acid from aqueous solution on cross linked chitosan-epichlorohydrin beads: kinetics and isotherm studies", coll. of surfa., 65: 18-24. [18]- johns w. h. and bates t. r., 1972," drug-cholestyramine interactions. ii. influence of cholestyramine on gi absorption of sodium fusidate ", j. pharm. sci., 61(5): 730- 734. افلا نيط ىلع نلافرتلا ذيبم زاستما ةسارد - يقارعلا انيمولا رابج ةسيفن مظاك * * تيهك /ءاييكنا ىطل قارعنا /تيرداضنا /داذغب تعياص /ثابهن ووهعنا ةصلاخلا : افنا واذخخضاب تيئانا ميناحنا ي هخنازلأ لافرخنا زاسخيا تضارد ذحبنا عوضوي ضخي - ىح .اييونا ( تيطخ تبطب شنذرف تنداعي كيبطخب زاسخيلاا ثايرروسيا ىهع لوصحنا 0.91249-0.8149 جحضواو ) لأا ا شئاخنا ( عو ي وريروسي (s3 اسحلأا يز ريرأح تفهخخي براضح للاخ ي شرد .سهيك فيصخن كفو .زاسخيلاا تعض ىهع لافرخن ةرارحنا تصردو ةسخنا ةدانا تيكو تيضياحنا تناذناو ( معافخنا يبنازا جاكو تيرارح ثاصرد صخب تيكيايدويرزنا ىيمنا باطح ىح _ 1.0625 لوي .لوصوهيك ) - 3 ( يب ةروصحي صبكن ةرحنا تلاطنا ىيلو 7.628 - 7.831 لوي .لوصوهيك ) - 3 ( يب يبورخلاا ىيلو _ -2.7966 ( _ 2.9162 لوي.لوص - 3 .يناوخنا ىهع :يه تيكرح ثلاداعي دلار ىهع اداخعا زاسخيلاا ثايكرح تضارد جح 3 - رياكن تنداعي 2 - ربيو /صيروي تنداعي 1 - ضير تنداعي . سربj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 160 biochemical and kinetic studies on alkaline phosphatase and other biochemical features in sera of patients with type 2 diabetes wesen a. mehdi * layla o. farhan* baydaa a.abed** received 3, january, 2010 accepted 8, may, 2011 abstract: background :alkaline phosphatase (alp) was a widely used marker for skeletal and hepatobiliary disorders, but its activity was also increased in atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease. several study has showed that alp activity was increased in the sera of diabetic patients. the current study was conducted to evaluate alp activity in type 2 diabetic patients and optimum conditions for enzyme activity in their sera. methods: this study was carried out at in al-yarmok hospital(diabetic center) between february /2009 and april /2009. fifty two patients with type 2 diabetes have been enrolled. besides bmi, whr, serum fasting blood glucose, alp, hba1c,uric acid and lipid profile levels have been performed .the relationship between alp and other biochemical factors have been studied. results: from a total 52 cases, fbg, hba1c and alp were significantly elevated p value 0.01 while uric acid, cholesterol, tg, hdl, ldl,vldl and ldl/hdl were significantly different p value 0.05 in diabetic patients when compared with that found in control group . alp was significantly associated with ldl (p 0.05) and significantly negative correlation with hba1c (p 0.05) in diabetic patients. there was different in ph optimum, incubation time, temperature, when determination of them in diabetic patients and control. conclusions: the current study suggested that the different in alp kinetic may be referred to another isoenzyme in sera of diabetes patients, and the present study suggested to seperate and characterize of alp isoenzyme by using electorphoretic purification of enzymes. key words: alkaline phosphatase, insulin-independent diabetes mellitus (t2dm), lipid profile. introduction: type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm) consists of heterogeneous conditions responsible for approximately 90% of all individuals with diabetes. it is often associated with central or visceral obesity, as well as other cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, and abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism with the characteristic dyslipidemia of elevated triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol[1]. the (t2dm) is characterized by complex metabolic derangements, with two main abnormalities: insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction [1]. circulating insulin levels are higher than early in the disease to compensate for insulin resistance, but eventually, insulin production becomes less sufficient and hyperglycemia develops. this is * department of chemistry, college of science for women, baghdad university, baghdad, iraq. ** national - diabetic center-almustansirya unversityj. baghdad for sci. vol.8(4)2011 161 illustrated by the typical progression of the disease that exhibits impaired insulin-mediated glucose utilization with postprandial hyperglycemia in its early stages[2]. fasting hyperglycemia, the hallmark of t2dm, ensues at a later stage, secondary to the excessive and inappropriate hepatic glucose production. the capacity of insulin secretion in these patients is often enough to prevent ketosis and ketoacidosis, but still manifest during periods of severe stress or acute medical illness. this disease is closely related to obesity.[2,3] alkaline phosphates (alp) [(e.c.3.1.3.1) orthophosphoric-monoester phosphor-hydrolase] orthophosphoric monoester phosphor-orolase ] is a glycoprotein enzyme that hydrolyzed organic phosphate esters in alkali media. optimal ph levels of these enzyme is generally about 10. [4]. it is a zn metaloenzyme which is a glycoprotein, present in most body tissues, especially at or in the cell membranes, and it occurs at particularly high levels in intestine, kidney, bone (osteoblasts), liver, and placenta [5,6]. although alp displays a considerable intertissue and intratissue heterogeneity. rarely more than two or three forms are found in any one serum sample, which are probably originates mainly in the liver, with up to half of the total activity coming from the skeleton[7]. the forms present in sera from patients with various disease have the characteristic of the specific forms present in liver, bone, intestine , plascenta, and very rarely, renal tissue[6]. in certain disorders of the liver and osteoblas bone diseases, the activity of serum alp is reported to be increased[4,6]. an increased serum alp may be due to : congestion or obstruction of the biliary tract which may occur within the liver ,the ducts leading from the liver to the gallbladder ,or the duct leading from the gallbladder through the pancreas that empty into the duodenum (small intestine),any of these organs (liver ,gallbladder , pancreas ,or duodenum) may be involved [6] . alp activity is increased in the serum of diabetic patients . [8,9,10 ], in contrast to diabetes mellitus (dm), starvation in rat is associated with a decrease in alp activity which is reversed by re-feeding. [ 11,12,13]. the aim of study is to measure alp activity in t2dm patients and determine the optimum conditions for alp activity in t2dm patients. materials and methods: 1.subjects five ml have been collected from each subject by vein puncture, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min after allowing the blood to clot at room temperature. fifty two serum sample obtained from type ii diabetic (26) males age (40-60) years (msd: 51.57 6.88) and (26) females age (40-60) years (msd: 52.77 7.2). the medical history has been taken, body weight and height have been measured and body .mass index (bmi) has been calculated[mean bmi 28.83 4.66 kg/m 2 )]. the patient has been diagnosed by specialist doctors in al-yarmok hospital national diabetes center ) . for comparison, twenty seven apparently healthy men and women who were matched for age, weight, and bmi [n27; age (40-65) years (msd: 40.92 5.77) ; bmi (25.69 2.88 )(kg/m 2 ); mean sd]. 2. protocol clinical variables, including , bmi are calculated as kg/m2.and waist-to-hip ratio (whr), werej. baghdad for sci. vol.8(4)2011 162 determined in all the subjects. fasting serum glucose, uric acid ,cholestrol ,tg, hdl-cholesterol and ldl-cholesterol, level were measured by enzymatic method supplied by human diagnostic. the activity of alkaline phosphatase was measured in sera according to the method of king and armstrong [14]. 4-amino antipyrine react with phenol in the presence of alkaline oxidizing agent to produce quinolol substitution product .this product give red color whose intensity was proportional to the phenol liberated. ph optimum determination alp activity with different ph( 8 , 9 ,10 ,11 , 12 ) at 37 c o , according to the procedure have been described by method of king and armstrong [14] . incubation time alp activity have been determined in different incubation time (0, 30, 60.90, 120, 150) second, according to the descriptive method of king and armstrong [14] . temperature the alp activity have been determined in different temperature (17, 27, 37, 47, 57) c o according to the descriptive method of king and armstrong [14]. substrate concentration different different concentration have been prepared (5, 7.5 ,10 ,12.5 ,15 ) mm /l of substrate (p.nitrophenylphosphate) in buffer, according to the descriptive method of king and armstrong [14]. results and discussion: the male group and female group with diabetes mellitus were similar regarding to age ,bmi,whr with no significant difference [p value 0.05] ,the characteristics of all subjects are shown in table1 . table 1 : age, bmi, whr in males and females with diabetes . male[ mean sd] [n26] female [ mean sd] [n26] p value age 51.57 6.88 52.77 7.2 n.s. bmi 28.83 4.66 30.203 2.33 n.s. whr 0.95 0.05 0.96 0.03 n.s. fasting blood glucose, hba1c, alp, uric acid, cholesterol, tg, hdl- cholesterol, ldl- cholesterol, vldl and ldl/hdl in patient and control are summarized in table 2. table 2: biochemical variables in patients and control . biochemical variables patients [ mean sd] [n 52] control [ mean sd] [n27] p value fbg [mg/dl] 203.19 75.16 90.59 6.7 0.01 hba1c % 9.72 1.70 3.98 0.68 0.01 alp [iu/l] 96.81 44.69 70.68 16.93 0.01 uric acid[mg/dl] 5.29 1.31 4.24 0.044 0.05 cholesterol[mg/dl] 218 16.56 187.11 7.28 0.05 tg[mg/dl] 143.65 26.88 99.44 25.44 0.05 hdl[mg/dl] 45.92 3.17 60.00 5.00 0.05 ldl [mg/dl] 143.67 12.89 114.15 13.14 0.05 vldl[mg/dl] 28.75 5.36 18.52 2.15 0.05 ldl/hdl 3.14 0.44 2.40 0.31 0.05 table 2 showes a significant difference in fbg, hba1c and alp with p value 0.01, while uric acid, cholesterol, tg, tg, hdl, ldl.vldl and ldl/hdl were found to be significantly different with p value 0.05 . there was a significant positive correlation between alp and ldl [p 0.05 ] only in patient as shown in figure 1, while there was no significant correlation in control, this may be explained by the metabolic effect of dm on the liver .j. baghdad for sci. vol.8(4)2011 163 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ph enzyme activity (ui) 0 50 100 150 200 250 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ph enzyme activity (ui) control fig 1: correlation between alp and ldl there was a significant negative correlation between alp and hba1c[p 0.05 ] only in patient as shown in figure 2 ,while there was no significant correlation in control, this correlation may be refer to the effect of hyperglycemia on metabolism of liver in diabetic patients. fig 2: correlation between alp and hba1c % ph optimum the ph ( 8 , 9 ,10 ,11 , 12 ) effect have been studied on alp activity . figure 3 showed that highest enzyme activity in diabetic patients was at ph 9, while in control was ph 10. fig. 3: activity of alp with different ph in diabetic patients and control the decrease in alp activity at acidic ph due to effect of ph environment of reaction in ionic groups which found in active site or changing in ionic state for substrate or complex enzyme-substrate when the concentration of substrate over than michaelis constants (km) ,if the substrate concentration is little, it will depend on enzyme [ 15] . other study refers to ph optimum of alp is 9 at 37 c o [ 16] . the ketone bodies cause different ph in serum patient with type 2 diabetes [17] .the concentration of h affects velocity in several ways .first, the catalytic process usually requires that the enzyme and substrate have in order to interact .the current study suggested that these deferent in ph optimum of alp may be referred to another isoenzyme of alp in sera of diabetes patients [18] . incubation time the enzyme has been incubated in different time ( 0, 30 ,60 .90,120, 150 ) second and determination of enzyme patientsj. baghdad for sci. vol.8(4)2011 164 activity was shown in figure 4 .both diabetes patients and control have produced the highest activity of alp when incubate for 90 second at 37c o . control fig 4: activity of alp with different time in diabetic patients and control temperature in diabetes patients alp activity increases according to the incubation temperature until it reaches maximum at 47 c o , while alp activity begins to increase until it reaches maximum at 37c o in control as shown in figure 5. fig.5: activity of alp with different temperature in diabetes patients and control the rapid of reaction with temperature due to increasing kinetic energy of enzyme alp and substrate which cause making complex – enzyme –substrate [19]. these results are in agreement with [ 20] in its report optimum temperature of alp is 37c o . the reaction velocity increases with temperature until a peak velocity it results from increased number of molecules having sufficient energy to pass the energy barrier and from the products of the reaction .further elevation of the temperature results in a decrease in reaction velocity as result of temperature – induced denaturation of the enzyme [21,22]. the current study suggested that these deferent in ph optimum of alp may be referred to another isoenzyme of alp in sera of diabetes patients, and the present study suggest separation and characterization of alp isoenzyme by using electorphoretic purification of enzymes. different substrate concentration determination of alp activity with different substrate concentration (5,7.5, 10, 12.5, 15) mm p-nitrophenylphosphate, and studying this concentration on rate of alp reaction. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 30 60 90 120 150 time sec. enzyme activity (ui) patients control 0 50 100 150 200 7 17 27 37 47 57 temperature c enzym activity (ui) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 30 60 90 120 150 time sec. alkaline activity (ui) patient control 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 7 17 27 37 47 57 temperature c enzyme activity (ui) patientj. baghdad for sci. vol.8(4)2011 165 in diabetic patients alp activity increases according to substrate concentration until it reaches maximum at 47 c o to 3.7 mm, while alp activity begins to increase until it reaches maximum at 37c o in control in 3.4 mm of substrate concentration as shown in figure 6. by using lineweaver-burk plot ,the km and vmax has been found as shown in table 3 and figure 7. patients control fig. 6: activity of alp with different concentration of substrate in diabetic patients and control table3:the km and vmax for diabetic patients and control. patients control fig 7: li neweaver-burk plot. there are many studies that deal with km and vmax for alp from different sources, since report refers to alp which was taken from raw milk sources it has got km 0.0034 mm and 0.0056 mm for disodium phenal phosphate and b-glycerophate respectivety [ 23] . the km values for healthy serum alp were (0.11mm )from bone sourse ,( 0.9 mm ) from intestinl mocose sourse , and km values for cancer patients were ( 0.11mm )from intestinl mocose sourse , 0.074 from liver sourse [ 24]. vmax km 714.6 mm/min 3.7 mm diabetic patients 689.2 mm/min 3.4 mm control 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 1/[s] mm-1 1/v mmoler-1min 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 1l[s] mm -1 1lv mmoler-1 min 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 substrate concentration mmol enzyme activity (ui) . 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 substrate concentration mmol enzyme activity(ui). controlj. baghdad for sci. vol.8(4)2011 166 the km value of alp for pnpp has been estimated to be 0.036 mm from t.caldophius a.pass [25 ]. the current study suggested that these different in ph optimum ,incubation time, temperature and optimum concentration of substrate of alp may be referred to another isoenzyme of alp in sera of diabetes patients, and the present study suggested separation and characterization of alp isoenzyme by using electorphoretic purification of enzymes. references: 1.poretsky l..2010. in principles of diabetes mellitus,2 nd ed., springer sciencebusiness media, llc,london. p.p109. 2.murphy r, ellard s, and hattersley at. .2008.clinical implications of a molecular genetic classification of monogenic beta-cell diabetes., nat clin pract endocrinol metab.;4:200–213. 3.lyssenko v, almgren p, and anevski d. .2005. predictors of and longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and secretion preceding onset of type 2 diabetes.; diabetes. ;54:166–174. 4. jurgina , s .e. and zekonis , j .ž . 2004. alkaline phosphatase activity changes of blood neutrophil leukocytes among patients suffering from diabetes mellitus type i and periodontal diseases. stomatologija, baltic dental and maxillofacial journal, 6:55-8. 5. kaplen , l.a., pesce a.j. & kazmierczack s.c. 2003.in "clinical chemistry theory, analysis, correlation". 4 th ed., mosby inc., library of congress, pp.479,491,710. 6. burtis , c.a.and ashwood , e.r. 2001. in"tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry"., 3 rd ed., w.b. saunders company, philadelphia, pennsylvania, pp.317-334. 7. verpooten ,g.f. and nouwen, e.j. hoylaerts, m.f., hendrix, p. & de broe m.e. 1989. segment-specific localization of intestinal type alkaline phosphatase in human kidney. kidney int.; 36(4):617-625. 8. mota , a. p. and silva , d. n . 2008. characterization of rat heart alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and modulation of activity. braz j med biol res 41(7): 600-609. 9 .handelsman, m.d. 2009. "a doctor's diagnosis: prediabetes." power of prevention, issue , 1: 2 . 10. thompson , c.s.and mikhailidis d.p, 1992. haematological profile and plasma andurinary biochemistry in experimental models of diabetes mellitus-predictive powerfor human studies. journal of pharmaceutical medicine, 1: 241-257. 11. weil , l.l.and russell.m.a, 1940.studies on plasma phosphatase activity in relation to fatmetabolism in rats.biological chemistry ,136: 9-23. 12. bollman , j.l.and flock,e.v. 1948. alkaline phosphatase in intestinal lamph of rat . 1 ililgiloi c htjimeh 175: 439 - 449 . 13. mikhailidis , d.p. 1989 . fftle lf meoheoeilk okp mojmiikg eijt lk miomjo oihoiikt mhlmmhoeomt oleieiea okp loiliij hljtlmeomim ik eht hoe; soalhoelha tkijoim;23:50-53. 14. kind , p.r. and king e.g.; (1954); j.clin.path.;7:322. 15. whitaker , r.m. and bernhad , r.a . 1972. experiments for : an inter-diction to enzymology. the whiber press. 16. maxwell , d.b. 2000. serum alkalin phosphatase in diabetes mellitius.american collge of nutrition , 5:155-59 .j. baghdad for sci. vol.8(4)2011 167 17. whitby , l.c. and smith,g.j. 2001 lecture noteon clinical chemistry .4 th ed.black wellscentific publications . p212. 18. rosenthal, m. 2009.in medical biochemistry. human metabolism in health and disease .1 st .ed.,john wiley and sons inc,usa. p11,37. 19. dixon , n.e. riddles , p.w. and gazzola,c.b. 1979 . jack bean urease (ec. 3. 5.1- 5)the extraction purification of urease buffers sloution, can.j . biochem,56 : 530-534. 20. smith, l.m. 1957. some properties of alkaline phosphatase of milk . dairy science, 40 : 546-555. 21. dennistion , k.j. and topping,j.j. 2007.in general organic and biochemistry. 5 th ed.americas,new york,647-660. 22. alejandro, g.b. 2003 .in enzyme kintic –modren approach;1 st ed.. john wiley and sons inc,usa p174-191. 23. dennistion , k.j.and toppin,j.j . 2007.in general organic and biochemistry. 5 th ed.americas,new york,pp.647-660. 24. smith, l.m. 1957. some properties of alkaline phosphatase of milk . dairy science, 40 : 546-555. 25. robert, a . 2000.in enzymes ; 2 nd ed ;p 137-141 wiley-vch.inc:new york. ةتاحنا مماىعنا ضعبو زتفسىف هلاكنلاا مزولا ةكرح ةتاح ةئامك ةسارد واثنا عىىنا يركسنا ءاذناب هباصمنا ىضرمنا لاصما ف يذهم لداع هسو * ناحرف نامثع ىهن * ذبع ذمحا ءاذب ** * داذغت حهاج, خاثلل مىللا حلم, ءاونلا نسق . ** جلال ىلا ضمشولا .حشظرسولا حهاجلا /شنسلا زىحتو : ةصلاخنا :ثحبنا ةفهخ ضرفسىف يلانللاا شثر alp ششؤوم غساو لنشت حلورسولا خاوضلاا يه عاشهاو ياششلا ةلظرت حتاطلاا ذ اىرسه ف جداص لظحذ ذق اظا خلالاو حذثنلا خاتاشطلال طحولا حىهذلا حولاا نضا حلاف ف داص لا خاساسذلا خساشا . ح alp شولا ذ ءاذلات يتاظولا حلاف طاق لا حلاحلا حساسذلا فذهذ . شنسلات alp شولا ذ حذاحلا حئاونلا لهاىلا غتو اثلا عىلا شنسلات يتاظولا عشولات يتاظولا ذ نضلإا حلافل لثولا فوشظلا حساسد ي لاف ممعنا ةقرط يه جشرفلل كىهشلا فشرسه ف شنسلا ءاذلا ضمشه يه مذلا جراو زخا ذت حساسذلا زه دشجا: اثش شهش 2009 ىاس حاغلو 2009 ذ هاظلا مذلا شنس يىرسه حساسد نذ ذقو, 52 نذ للزمو غشه اق ط alp , hba1c و uric acid باسح لا حفاإ لنلا ىىهذلا يىرسهو bmi,whr اهرساقهو يه حىنولا ثلا حىوجوت 27 لهاىلا حقتو نضلاا يت حقلالا حساسد نذ للزمو ءاحطلاا يه ضخش حساسذلا زه ف حساقولا . : حئاتىنا حلاف ف ائاظحا حلىثقه جداص دىجو عحىل alp لاف ي hba1c و uric acid حثسو .ءاحطلاات اهرساقه ذ يتاظولا ذ حوضلاا حلافلل لثولا فوشظلات شغذ زوذح عحىل ذقو .حلنلا ىىهذلا يت ائاظحا حلىثقه حدش حطخ حقلا دىجو لا حساسذلا خساشا ذقو alp و ldl ثذسا يح ف ,alp, hba1c لىثقه حسن حطخ حقلات عشولات يتاظولا ذ ائاظحا ح . جاتىتسلاا : نضا خامشح ف فلارخلاا alp دىجو لا دىذ اوتس اثلا عىلا شنسلا ءاذلات يتاظولا ذ يتاظولا ذ نضلاا خاشظاره لظف لا حلاحلا حساسذلا حشرقذو عشولات يتاظولا ذ نضلال شخا شظاره لم صاىخ حساسدو عشولات يتاظولا ذ نضلاا خاشظارول ئاتشهنلا لحشرلا ءاشجا لا حفاا شظاره عشولات .j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 868 synthesis of new mannich bases from indole derivatives suad m. al-araji* rana a. ali* received 18, november, 2008 accepted 18, february, 2010 abstract: this work includes two steps of synthesis, the first one is the synthesis of indole which was prepared according to literature of the reaction of phenyl hydrazine with acetaldehyde in glacial acetic acid afforded phenyl hydrazone of acetaldehyde , this product was fused with zinc chloride to give the indole.reaction of cyclohexanone with phenyl hydrazine using the same procedure for the preparing giving 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole. second step involved synthesis of a series of (17) of mannich bases derivatives of indole and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazle. mannich reaction involves the condensation of aldehyde usually formaldehyde with different secondary amine and with compound containing an activated hydrogen.the reaction illustrated by the following equation : r2nhhchor \ hr2n-ch2-rh2o these compounds were characterized by u.v , ft-ir and 1 h-nmr spectra for two compounds. the secondary amines that used to prepare mannich bases are: n-methyl –n-phenyl amine, n,n-dimethyl amine, n,n- diphenyl amine, n-ethyl –n- phenyl amine, n,n-di-n-propyl amine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, n- methyl pipyridine, n,n-dibenzyl amine, n,n-di –n-butyl amine and n,n-di ethyl amine. key words : indole, mannich bases, reaction of indole, mechanism of mannich base introduction: indole (1) (1-h- indole) was a benzopyrrole in which the benzene and pyrrole rings are united through the 2,3 – positions of the pyrrole[1,2]. the atoms are numbered consecutively, begining with nirogen, counter clockwise around the two fused rings with the bridge head carbons being denoted by 3a and 7a (1). according to the order and more limited system, the two open carbons of the pyrrole ring as designated α- and β- , depending on the point of attachment of the substituent[3,4]. the most important reasonance structures for indole are (2) and (3) : the indole nucleus was found to be present in a varied group of products of natural occurrence in both the animal and the plant. most of these products n h n h (2) (3) n h 2 3 4 5 6 3a 7a 7 *department of chemistry, college of science, university of baghdad.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 869 show marked physiological activity, and some are extremely complex in structure. natural products containing the indole nucleus 1. heteroauxin (indole 3- acetic acid) this acid is important in plant physiology because of the part it plays as a promoter of the growth of seedlings[5,6,7]. 2. tryptophan tryptophan derivatives are abundantly found in variety of naturally found compound that exhibit various physiological properties [8]. 3. abrine this compound was first encountered as a result of it's isolation from the seeds of abrus precatorius linn[9,10]. mannich bases: mannich bases are very reactive, in fact they can easily transformed into numerous other compounds. mannich bases have been investigated as potential biological agents, such as dyes for synthetic fibers, as reactive dyes and also as surface active compounds[11-14]. libermann and wanger[15] presented an attractive mechanism involving the formation of carbonium ion , r2nch2 from the amine and formaldehyde and also the formation of a carbanion r \..-, by the removal of a proton from active hydrogen compound. the final , essentially irreversible step was the combination of carbonium ion and carbanion to yield the mannich base. the mechanism in basic medium follows : (ch 3 ) 2 nhhcho (ch 3 ) 2 nch 2 oh ch 2 o oh ch h 2 o o (iii) (v) (i) (iii) iv) ( n h ch 2 cooh n h nhbn co 2 et n h ch 2 chcooh nhch 3j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 871 c c materials and methods: ir spectra were recorded on (shimadzu) ft-ir-8400s spectrophotometer. solid samples were run in kbr disc, liquid were run as smears. uv spectra were recorded on uv-visible spectrophotometer (shimadzu) uv-160a were performed by baghdad university ,college of science, chemistry department. melting point were determined in a (gallen kamp) m.p apparatus and are uncorrected. 1 h-nmr spectra were determined on jeol model jnm-la 300 ft-nmr and jnm-lsh3o solid and with ultra shield (bruorgin) ft-nmr : 300 mhz in dmso, cdcl3 with tetramethyl silane as internal standard. indole (1)[1] this compound was prepared according to literature[1]: phenyl hydrazine (8ml) was added to a mixture of acetaldehyde (4.5ml) and glacial acetic acid (50ml). the solution boiled under reflux for 5min. the formed precipitate was purified by recrystallization from aqueous ethanol. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole(2)[1] this compound was prepared by the same procedure (1) used in the preparation of indole (1) except using of cyclohexanone (9ml) instead of acetaldehyde. the prepared compound was purified by recrystallization from aqueous ethanol. synthesis of mannich bases(3-19) mannich bases were prepared according to literature with some modifications [16]: a. formaldehyde (0.108 mol) was added to a mixture of indole or its derivatives (0.0042 mol) and 3ml acetic acid. the mixture was cooled to 5 c, then secondary amine (0.0042 mol) was added to the mixture. the solution was heated under reflux in water bath for 3-17hr, and stirred at room temperature for 24hr. 5% naoh was added to the reaction mixture, amorphous precipitate was formed and recrystallized from suitable solvent. b. preparation method was used as in a until basified with 5% naoh solution. an oily layer was obtained, extracted with chloroform (210 ml). the extracts was evaporated to give dark oil. tables (iv) lists physical properties and condition of reactions, ftir and uv absorption data for compounds (3-19) 1 hnmr for compounds ( 5 ) and ( 12 ). result and discussion: the aim of the present work is to synthesize mannich bases from indole and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole. this work contains two steps : the first one involved preparation of indole and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole via the reaction of phenyl hydrazine with acetaldehyde or cyclohexanone to obtain indole and1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole respectively. these compounds were characterized by u.v and ftir spectra. the second step involved the reaction of indole and1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazolel with formaldehyde and different secondary amines to obtain new mannich bases. these compounds were characterized by u.v, ftir and 1 hnmr spectra. ftir spectra of the prepared indole and 1,2,3,4- tetrahydrocarbazole showed absorption bands at υ(3400) cm -1 due to υ(n-h), υ(3030-3050)cm -1 due to υ (c-h aromatic), υ (2890-2920) cm -1 due to υ (c-h aliphatic) and υ (1600-1605) cm -1 due to υ( ) aromatic [17,18]. .j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 878 uv spectra of the prepared indole and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole showed absorption peaks at λmax (258-372)nm due to π π* transition and absorption at λmax (517-920)nm due to n π* transition[17,18]. ftir spectra of the prepared mannich bases(fig 3-8) showed absorption bands at υ (3384-3450)cm -1 due to υ (n-h), υ (3024-3100)cm -1 due to υ (c-h aromatic), υ (2837-2950) cm -1 due to υ (c-h aliphatic) and υ(1575-1639)cm -1 due to υ( c c ) aromatic [17,18]. table (ii) lists ftir spectral data for compounds(3-19). uv spectra of the prepared mannich bases showed absorptions peaks at λmax (224-345)nm due to π π* and absorption peaks at λmax (517-972)nm due to n π* transition [17,18]. table (iii) lists uv absorption data for compounds(3-19). 1 hnmr spectrum for compound(5) (fig 1)( table iv)showed a signal at δ7-7.5 ppm was assigned to aromatic protons, a signal at δ3.3 ppm was assigned to h-proton of n-h group, a signal at δ2ppm was assigned to ch2 protons, a signal at δ 8.2 ppm was assigned to h-proton of heterocyclic rings and a signal at 2.5ppm was assigned to dmso. 1 hnmr spectrum for compound (12) (fig 2) (table iv)showed a signal at δ7-7.3 ppm was assigned to aromatic protons, a signal at δ5.2 ppm was assigned to h-proton of n-h group, a signal at δ3.1-3.3 ppm was assigned to protons of morpholine, a signal at δ 3.1 ppm was assigned to ch2n and a signal at 1.7-1.9 was assigned to proton of cyclohexanone. table (1) conditions of reactions and physical properties for mannich bases (3-19) recrystallization solvent %yield m.p c heating time hr. temp. of water bath c chemical structure scientific name compd. no. ----- 86 oily 17 65-70 n h ch 2 n ph ch 3 3-((n-methyl-n-phenyl amino methyl ))indole 3 ----- 77 oily 8 65-70 n h ch 2 n(ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 3 ) 2 3-((n,n-di-n-butylamino methyl)) indole 4 dmso 86 178-180 4 55-60 n h ch 2 n(ph) 2 3-((n,n-diphenyl amino methyl ))indole 5 ethanol:water 1 : 1 84 170-172 dec. 4 65-70 n h ch 2 n c 2 h 5 ph 3-((n-ethyl-n-phenyl amino methyl)) indole 6 ethanol :acetone 1 : 1 69 128-129 dec. 4.5 55-60 n h ch 2 n(ch 2 ph ) 2 3-((n,n-dibenzylaminomethyl)) indole 7 benzene 77 178-180 dec. 4 55-60 n h ch 2 n(ch 2 ch 2 ch 3 ] 2 3-((n,n-di-n-propylamino methyl)) indole 8 - ethanol 35 94-98 5 60-70 n h (c 2 h 5 ) 2 nh 2 c 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n,n-diethylamino methyl )) carbazole 9j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 871 etoh:h2o 1 : 1 51 80-82 4 70-75 n h h 2 c n 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n-pyrrolidinomethyl )) carbazole 10 ------ 37 oily 4.5 55-60 n h (ph ) 2 nh 2 c 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n,ndiphenylamino methyl)) carbazole 11 benzene:ether 1 : 1 56 130-132 4 65-70 n h h 2 c o n 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n-morpholinomethyl )) carbazole 12 etoh:h2o 1 : 1 71 125-127 3.5 60-70 n h (ch 3 ) 2 nh 2 c 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n,ndimethylamino methyl)) carbazole 13 ethanol:water 1 : 1 35 105-107 4 50-60 n h [ch 3 (ch 2 ) 3 ] 2 nh 2 c 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n,n-di-n-butyl aminomethyl )) carbazole 14 ethanol 60 90-92 4 55-60 n h h 2 c n h 3 c 1,2,3,4-tetrahydo-6- ((4-methyl pipyridino methyl )) carbazole 85 chloroform 50 155-157 4.5 65-70 n h nh 2 c h 3 c ph 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n-methyl-n-phenylamino methyl )) carbazole 16 ethyl acetate 48 100-101 4 65-70 n h nh 2 c et ph 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n-ethyl-n-phenylamino methyl )) carbazole 17 ----- 11 oily 4.5 55-60 (ch 2 ph ) 2 nh 2 c n h 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n,n-dibenzylamino methyl)) carbazole 18 chloroform:ether 1 : 1 51 208-210 dec. 3.5 50-55 (ch 3 ch 2 ch 2 ) 2 nh 2 c n h 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- ((n,n-di-n-propylamino methyl )) carbazole 19 table(2) ftir spectral data for compounds(3-19) c-n cm -1 cc cm -1 aromatic c-h cm -1 aliphatic c-h cm -1 aromatic n-h cm -1 compd. no. 1456 1604 2900 3049 3409 3 1456 1639 2956 3100 3390 4 1463 1595 2980 3030 3394 5 1463 1630 2900 3024 3421 6 1450 1620 2950 3026 3384 7 1465 1577 2902 3049 3410 8 1465 1575 2925 3090 3411 9 1465 1600 2852 3030 3355 10 1465 1596 2927 3024 3350 11 1460 1590 2850 3026 3484 12 1461 1575 2837 3047 3384 13 1449 1616 2927 3026 3375 14 1465 1616 2925 3082 3350 15 1467 1610 2850 3095 3425 16 1463 1618 2836 3026 3450 17 1463 1590 2927 3060 3425 18 1463 1577 2850 3083 3448 19j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 871 table (3)uv absorption data for compounds (3-19) λ max (nm) compound number 345, 249 3 279,227 4 286,224 5 275,237 6 290,265 7 290,260 8 275,233 9 272,234 10 282,230 11 285,231 12 285,231 13 346,286,231 14 286-231 15 283,234 16 231 17 264 18 282,237 19 table (4) 1 h-nmr data for compounds (5 and 12) compd. no. structure h amine ppm h aromatic ppm n-h ppm ch2n ppm other bands ppm 5 n h ch 2 n(ph) 2 h - 7-7.5 (m,14h) 3.3 (b, 1h) 2 (s, 2h) 8.2 (s, h) h 1 12 n h h 2 c o n 3.1-3.3 (m, 8h) 7-7.3(m, 3h) 5.2 (b, 1h) 3.1 (s, 2h) 1.7-1.9 (m, 8h) cyclohexane fig. (1) : 1 h-nmr spectrum for compound [5]j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 874 fig(3) 1 h-nmr spectrum of compound (23) fig. (3) : ft-ir spectrum for compound (3) fig. (4) : ft-ir spectrum for compound (4)j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)3123 875 fig. (5) : ft-ir spectrum for compound (5) fig. (6) : ft-ir spectrum for compound (9) fig. (7) : ft-ir spectrum for compound 10 (36)j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)3123 876 fig. (8) : ft-ir spectrum for compound (11) references: 1. gribble, g.w. 2000.recent developments in indole ring synthesis (methodology and applications. j.chem.soc., perkin trans.1:1045. 2. paquette,leo a. 1989. principle of modern heterocyclic chemistry. arabic translated by fahad ali-hussein, hadi k. ewadh, subhi s. al-azawi, in baghdad university. chapter 5: 181. 3. elderfield ,r. c., 1960. heterocyclic compound. volume iii: p- 1. 4. norman k. and nymered, h. 2006. indole localization in lipid membranes revealed by molecular simulation . biophysical journal. 91(6): 2046-2054. 5. schütz,a. r.; goibik , k. tittmann ; suergun ; koch , d. m. h. j . and hübner, g. 2003. biochem. j. 270: 2322. 6. kwaguchi ,m. and syono, k .1996. plant cell physiol. 37 (8): 1043. 7. anton,l. 2002. planta.215(2):229-238. 8. ghatak ,n. 1934. bull. acad. sci. united provinces agra oudh, india 3: 295. 9. ghatak,n. and kaul,r. 1932 . j. indian chem. soc. 9: 383. 10. kinjo,j. ; matisumoto, inoue,k. ; takeshita ,m. i. and nohara,t. 1991. a new sapogenol and other constituents in abri semen , the seeds of abrus precatorius l.1. che.pharm.bull. 39(1):116-119 11. heaney ,h., papageorgiou, g. and wilkins ,r. f. 1988. tetrahedron lett., 29: 2997. 12. faust,r.; garratt, p.j. ; jones, r. and yeh, l.k.2000. j.m. chem. 43: 1050. 13. edin,m. and grivas ,s. 2000. arkivoc. 1:1-5. 14. folkes, l.k.; rossiter s. and wardman,p.2002. chem.res.toxicol.15(6 ) : 877. 15. libermann s.v. and wangre, e.s.1979. j.org.chem. 4:100. 16. al- lami , n. j . m.sc. 1998. thesis university of baghdad. 17. silverstein ,r. and bassle.1981.r, translated by h. k. ewadh, a.hussein and s. s. al-alazawi in "spectrometric identification of organic compounds: 4 th ed. 18. williams, and felming, d. h. 1986., translated by sarkess j. y. sarkess; "spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry", 1 st edd. baghdad university: 103 .j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)3123 877 لوذنلاا ثاقتشم نم ةذيذج خنام ذعاوق ريضحت *يجرعلاا ىفطصم داعس *نيسح يلع ذبع انر ءاكنا ىسل* - وىهعنا تهك - .داذغب تعياج تصلاخلا : ضخ ثحبنا حىطخ ، ه ىنولأا ةىطخنا لوذلاا زضحح معافح ي عي سارذه مف ذاهذهخسلاا دىجىب افخنا جحاو كهخنا ضياح سلان وسارذهنا ىه مع ذاهذهخ ه زهص ىث لاا طعن كشنا ذرىهك عي جحانا اذ .لوذ معافح ي زضحح ىح ذمف اثنا كخشنا ايأ ىاسكهىهكاسنا سارذه مف عي اهسف تمزطنا لاعخساب بكزي جطعا امباس رىكذنا 8 ، 1 ، 1 ، 4 - . لوسابراكورذهازخح ح هف تاثنا ةىطخنا ايأ خاي حلايأ ي تهسهس زضح و لوذلاا ي تمخشي 8 ، 1 ، 1 ، 4 - لوسابراكورذهازخح اث ثايأ عي لوذلاا كخشيو )ذاهذنايرىف( ذاهذنلاا فثكح ع ةرابع ىه معافخناو ى .تفهخخي ت زطناب ثابكزنا ذه صخشح ىح كئا ءازحنا جحح تعشلأا فط واذخخساب تفطنا ، تجسفبنا قىف تعشلأا فط سطاغنا يوىنا زنا فطو .اهي ثلاj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 178 synthesis and spectral studies of zn ii ,cd ii and hg ii complexes with 5-(2-benzoic acid azo)-8-hydroxy quinoline ligand amer j.jarad* muna a. kadhim* shahryar a. jabrallah** received 20, september, 2010 accepted 17, may, 2011 abstract: coupling reaction of 2-amino benzoic acid with 8-hydroxy quinoline gave bidentate azo ligand. the prepared ligand has been identified by microelemental analysis, 1 hnmr,ft-ir and uv-vis spectroscopic techniques. treatment of the prepared ligand with the following metal ions (zn ii ,cd ii and hg ii ) in aqueous ethanol with a 1:2 m:l ratio and at optimum ph, yielded a series of neutral complexes of the general formula [m(l)2]. the prepared complexes have been characterized by using flame atomic absorption, (c.h.n) analysis, ft-ir and uv-vis spectroscopic methods as well as conductivity measurements. the nature of the complexes formed were studied following the mole ratio and continuous variation methods, beer's law obeyed over a concentration range (1 10 -4 - 3 10 -4 m). high molar absorbtivity of the complex solutions have been observed. the stability constant of the complexes has also been studied. key words:azo-dyes, synthesis, azo complexes introduction: acid dyes have found wide application in dyeing wool, polyamide fibers and blends of both these fibers but they have to meet very high requirements as regards their application and fastness[1]. the development of new structures of azo dyes has been a subject of interest and many novel structure of these dyes, useful in the commercial application to polyester, polyamide or poly acrylic as well as their blends with other fibers[2-6]. azo dyes were known to be largely non-biodegradable in aerobic conditions and to be reduced to more hazardous intermediates in anaerobic conditions[7]. it is well known that o,o-dihydroxo azo dyes and their metal complexes were principally chromium and cobalt complexes for obtaining dyeing protein and polyamide fibers with excellent light and wash fastness [8]. azo dyes with the heterocyclic diazo component from colored complexes with many metal ions in solution[9,10]. in recent years we have been interested of azo dyes in coordination chemistry[11]. in this work, we synthesized azo dye derived from 2-amino benzoic acid as diazo component and 8-hydroxy quinoline as coupling agent. the complexes of this ligand with some metal ions have also been studied and characterized physciochemically. materials and methods: instrumentation uv- vis spectra were recorded on a (shimadzu uv- 160a) ultra violet-visible spectrophotometer. ir- spectra were taken on a (shimadzu, fti r- 8400s) fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (4000- 400) cm -1 with samples prepared as kbr discs. atomic absorption were *department of chemistry, ibn-al-haitham education college, university of baghdad. **applied chemistry division, school of applied sciences, university of technologyj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 179 obtain by using a(shimadzu a.a-160a) atomic absorption/flame emission spectrophotometer. the 1 hnmr spectra were obtained on a (brucker- 300 mhz ultra shield) university of al- al- bayt using dmso as a solvent and (tms) as a reference. microelemental analysis (c. h. n) was performed in al- al- bayt university- jordan using (euro vector ea 3000a elemental analyser). conductivities were measured for 10 -3 m of complexes in ethanol at 25 о c using (philips pw- digital conductimeter). in addition, melting points were obtained by using (stuart melting point apparatus). materials and reagents the following chemicals were used as received from suppliers; zinc chloride 98.8%, cadmium chloride monohydrate 99.9%, mercury chloride 98% (merck) 2- amino benzoic acid 98.8%, 8-hydroxy quinoline 99% (b. d. h). the ph of the medium (4-8) were adjusted with ammonium acetate –ammonia – glacial acetic acid buffer solution . solutions were made of the ligand (110 -5 -110 -3 m) in absolute ethanol and same concentration range of metals salts in buffer solutions. preparation of the ligand[12] (0.34g, 1mmole) of 2- amino benzoic acid has been dissolved in a mixture of (2 ml) sulphuric acid, (10 ml) ethanol and (10 ml) distilled water, and diazotized at 5 o c with sodium nitrite solution. the diazo solution was added dropwise with stirring to a cooled ethanolic solution of (0.36g, 1mmole) of 8-hydroxy quinoline. (25 ml) of (1 m) sodium hydroxide solution was added to the dark colored mixture. the precipitate was filtered off and washed several times with (1: 1) ethanol: water, mixture then left to dry. the reaction is shown in scheme (1),while (table-1) describes the physical properties and elemental analysis. scheme (1): preparation of the ligand. table (1):- physical properties and elemental analysis of the complexes. compounds color m.p º c yield% analysis calc.(found) m%(metal) c% h% n% ligand reddish violet 193 81 - 65.53 (65.02) 3. 75 (3.21) 14.33 (13.93) [zn(l)2] brown 360 74 10.01 (9.64) 59.16 (58.88) 3.08 (2.97) 12.94 (12.27) [cd(l)2] red 360 87 16.14 (15.22) 55.14 (55.11) 2.87 (2.43) 12.06 (11.85) [hg(l)2] orange 360 77 25. 60 (24. 81) 48.91 (48.72) 2.54 (2.07) 10.70 (10.30) preparation of metal complexes (general procedure) an ethanolic solution of the ligand (0.293g,2mmole) has been added gradually with stirring to the 0.068g,0.10g and 0.135g (1mmole) of zncl2,cdcl2.h2o and hgcl2 respectively dissolved in the buffer solution of the required ph. the mixture has been cooled until dark color precipitate was formed, filteredj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 180 and washed several times with (1: 1) water: ethanol then with acetone results and discussion: the ligand has been prepared by coupling 8-hydroxy quinoline with the appropriate diazotate in alkaline solution. the ligand sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents,stable toward air and moisture. the synthesized ligand has been characterized by 1 hnmr, ft.ir and uv-vis spectroscopic technique. the 1 hnmr spectrum of the ligand in dmso (fig-1) shows multiplet signals at (δ6.915-8.097 ppm) refers to aromatic protons [13].on the other hand, the signal at (δ6.630 ppm) due to proton of phenol. whereas, the signal at (δ12.432 ppm ) is assigned to proton of carboxylic group and the signal peak at(δ2.495ppm referred to dmso-d6[14] . fig.(1): 1 hnmr spectrum of the ligand. the uv- vis spectrum of an ethanolic solution of the ligand (10 -3 m) displayed mainly three peaks, the first and second peaks were observed at (224 nm) and (263 nm) were assigned to the moderate energy π- π * transition of the aromatic rings. the third peak (λ max) was observed at the (444 nm) was referred to the π- π * transition of intermolecular charge- transfer taken place from benzene through the azo group(-nn) [15]. interaction of the metal ions (zn ii , cd ii and hg ii ) with the prepared ligand has been studied in solution; an aqueous- ethanolic solutions were always performed over wide molar concentration and acidity range. the colors of these mixed solutions were varied from brown or orange to red. the interaction of the metal ion with the ligand manifest itself in the absorption spectra by the appearance of a peak in the range (532- 589 nm). a great bathochromic shift in the visible region has been detected in the complex solutions spectra with respect to that of the free ligand. the high shift in the (λmax) gave a good indication for complex formation. (fig-2) showed a comparison between the spectra of the ligand and zn ii mixed solution.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 181 fig.(2): uv-vis spectra of a- free ligand solution b- zn ii - l mixed solution. from the wide studied range of molar concentration (10 -5 -10 -3 m) of the mixed solutions, only concentration of (10 -4 m) obeyed lambert- beer's law and showed intense color. a calibration curve was plotted on absorbance against molar concentration in the range (110 -4 - 310 -4 m). best fit straight lines were obtained (fig-3) with correlation factor r 0.998. the optimum concentration was chosen for complex solution gave rise to a constant (λ max) at different ph. the influence of ph was also studied at ph range (4-8) and the absorbance- ph curves for each metal ion measured at certain (λmax) were plotted. (fig-4) showed a selective ph- absorbance curves. the plateau of the curves represent the completion of the reaction and consequently represent the optimum ph. fig.(3): linear relation between molar fig.(4): effect of ph on absorbance concentration and absorbance. (λmax) for complexes. the composition of the complexes formed in solution has been established by mole ratio and job methods. in both cases the results reveals (1:2) metal to ligand ratio. a chosen plots of were represented in (fig-5). (table-2) summarizes the results obtained as a conditions for the preparation of the complexes.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 182 fig.(5): mole ratio and job methods for complexes solutions. table (2):- conditions for the preparation of the complexes and uv-vis and conductance measurements data. compounds optimum ph optimum molar conc. x 10 -4 m:l ratio (λmax) nm abs єmax (l.mol -1 .cm -1 ) λm(s.cm 2 .mol -1 ) in absolute ethanol ligand - - - 444 2.027 2027 - [zn(l)2] 6 2 1:2 532 0.296 296 12.36 [cd(l)2] 6.5 2.5 1:2 595 0.216 216 15.81 [hg(l)2] 6 2 1:2 589 0.740 740 10. 75 the apparent stability constant (k) of the (1:2) metal: ligand complex was evaluated spectroscopically using the following equations: where c the concentration of the complex solution in mole/ l α degree of dissociation, as the absorption of solution containing a stoichiometric amount of ligand and metal ion and am the absorption of solution containing the same amount of metal and excess of ligand. the as and am were measured at (λ max) of solution. the values of (as, am, α, k and log k) were tabulated in (table-3). the high values of k may reflect the high stability of the prepared complexes [16]. table (3):- stability constant of the prepared complexes. complexes as am α k log k [zn(l)2] 0.255 0.488 0.477 3.07 10 5 5.487 [cd(l)2] 0.378 0.637 0.406 7.89 10 7 7.897 [hg(l)2] 0.416 0.944 0.560 1.57 10 7 7.195 the solid complexes have been prepared by direct reaction of alcoholic solution of the ligand with the aqueous solution of the metal ions at the optimum ph and in a (m: l) ratio of (1: 2). the (c.h.n) and metal contents of these complexes were in a good agreements with the calculated values . the molar conductance of the complexes as (10 -3 m) in ethanol indicating their non-electrolytic nature[17], the data have been recorded in (table-2). the uv- vis spectra of the prepared complexes dissolved in ethanol (10 -3 m) have been measured and the data obtained were included in (table- 2). again the large bathochromic shift of the (λmax) assigned to (π- π * ) transition of the ligand suggesting the involvement of the ligand in the bond formation with the metal ion. in order to study the binding mode of the new ligand with the metal ions, a comparison have been made for the ft. ir spectra of the free ligand and the prepared complexes and the data has been tabulated in (table-4).j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 183 - the main frequencies of the ligand and their complexes (cm -1 ) . table (4): compounds ν(oh)carboxyl ν(oh)phenol ν(co) ν as(coo) ν s(coo) ν(-nn-) ν (-cn-nc) ν (m-o) ν (m-n) ligand 3414 br. 3387 br. 1620 s. 1589 sh. 1497 sh. 1454 sh. 1411 sh. 1373 sh. - - [zn(l)2] 3363 br. 1678 sh. 1573sho. 1543sh. 1485sh. 1392sh. 497w. 447w. [cd(l)2] 3370br. 1670s. 1562sh. 1552s. 1490sh. 1380sho. 550w. 430w. [hg(l)2] 3380br. 1680sh. 1570s. 1547sh. 1488s. 1387sh. 530w. 420w. br broad, s strong, , sh sharp, sho shoulder, w weak , as asymmetric, s symmetric the ir spectrum of the ligand (fig-6) exhibited broad band at (3414 cm -1 ) has been assigned to the stretching vibration of υ(oh) of carboxyl group[18], disappearance of this band in the spectra of all complexes indicated the deprotonation of carboxyl prior to and indicated the coordination with the metal ion. the band at (3387 cm -1 ) in the spectrum of the ligand refered to υ(oh) of phenol[19]. strong band in the ligand spectrum has been observed at (1620 cm -1 ) ascribed to the υ(co) for the carboxyl group[20]. signifificant change in the position to higher frequency has been also observed on complexation with metal ion. the strong band in the free ligand spectrum at (1589 cm -1 ) due to υ(coo) asymmetric vibration, significant change in the intensity and in position to lower frequency was observed on complexation with metal ion (fig-7). the band at (1496 cm -1 ) in the spectrum of the ligand was assigned to the υ(coo) symmetric, suffered a great change to higher frequency on complexation with metal ion[21]. bands characteristic of the azo bridge vibration at (1454 cm -1 ) and (1411 cm -1 ), on complexes shiften with change in shape was observed indication the engagement of this group in the coordination with the metal ion[22,23]. the absence of new band around (550-497) and (447-420 cm -1 ) due to metal nitrogen and oxygen respectively[24,25]. fig.(6): ft.ir spectrum of the ligand.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 184 fig.(7): ft.ir spectrum of the [zn(l)2] complex. according to the results obtained an tetrahedral structure has been suggested to these complexes. references: 1. yildiz,e and boztepe,h. 2002. synthesis of novel acidic mono azo dyes and an investigation of their use in the textile industry, turk. j. chem 26(4):897-903. 2. patel,v.h, patel,m.p. and patel,r.g. 2002. synthesis and application of novel heterocyclic dyes based on 11-amino-13h-acenaphtho [1,2-e] pyridazino [3,2-b] quinazolin-13-one, j. serb. chem. soc 67 (11) : 727-734. 3. maradiya,h.r and patel,v.s. 2001. synthesis and dyeing performance of some novel heterocyclic azo disperse dyes, j. braz. chem. soc 12(6): 1-6. 4. mohorcic,m ., friedrich,j. and pavko,a. 2004. decoloration of the diazo dye reactive black 5 by immobilised bierkandera adusta in astirred tank bioreactor, acta. chim. slov 51(2):619-628. 5. maradiya,h.r. 2001. synthesis of azobenzo [b] thiophene derivatives and their dyeing performance on polyester fibre, turk. j. chem 25(6): 441-450. 6. shuttle worth, l., and weaver, m.a.,"the chemistry and application of dyes", plenum,newyork, 1990,23. 7. park,h and choi,w. 2003. visble light and fe(iii) mediated degradation of acid orange 7 in the absence of h2o2 , journal of photochemistry and photobiology a: chemistry 159(2): 241-247. 8. maradiya,h.r and patel,v.s. 2001. synthesis and application of 2-aminothiadiazole disperse dyes for nylon fabrics, j.serb. chem.soc 6(2): 87-93. 9. gavvazov,k., lekova,v and patronov,g. 2006. a ternary complex of vanadium(v) with 4- (2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol and n n oh c n n ho o m c o m 2 zn,cd,hg o o n nj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 185 thiazolyl blue and its application, acta. chim. slov 53(7):506-511. 10. savic,j and vasic,s. 2006. complex formation between pd(ii) and immobilized imidazol azo chromotropic acid, 53(12): 36-42. 11. panda,m., das,c., hung,c. h and goswami,s. 2007. synthesis, structure, redox and spectra of green iridium complexes of tridentate azo aromatic ligands, j. chem. sci 119(1):3-9. 12. naik,s.j and halkar,u.p. 2005. synthesis and application of novel 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazole based azo disperse dye, general papers, airkivoc (xiii)(3):141-149. 13. carballo,r.,castineiras,a., covelo,b., niclos,j and vazguez-lopez,e. 2001. synthesis and characterization of potassium complex of magneson: [k(hl)(oh2)2] [h2l4-(4-nitrophenylazo) resorcinol (magneson)], polyhedron 20(3): 2415-2420 14. bartta,p.2006. sulpher bridged ruthenium-molybdenum complexes: [(r-aapm) 2ru (µ-s)2 mo (oh)2] synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization. r-aapm 2- (arylazo) pyrimidine j.chem. sci, 118(2):171-177. 15. mahmoud,m.r.,hamman,a.m and ibrahim,s.a. 1994. chromium complexes of o,o-dihydroxyazo dye, z. phy. chem 265(3):203. 16. cao,h.w and zhao,j.f. 2003. stability constants of cobalt(ii) and copper(ii) complexes with 3- [(o-carboxy-p-nitrobenzene)azo] chromotropic acid and selective determination of copper(ii) by competition coordination, cro.chem. acta 76(1):1-6. 17. geary,w.j.1971.choracterization of coordination compounds, coord.chem.rev 7:110. 18. silverstein,r.m and webster,f.x. 1996. spectrometric identification of organic compounds, john wiley and sons, 6 th ed, new york, 180. 19. kirkan,b and gup,r. 2008. synthesis of new azo dyes and copper(ii) complexes derived from barbituric acid and 4-aminobenzoylhydrazone,turk.j. chem 32(5): 9-17. 20. si,y., hu,q ., huang,z., yang,g and yin,j. 2005. color reaction of 2-(2-quinolylazo)-5-dimethylaminoaniline with palladium and its application, turk.j. chem 29(11):135-140. 21. marcotrigiano,g. 1977. copper(ii) complexes of petide group containing amino acids, j. inorg. nucl. chem 39(3): 1897-1901. 22. pal,s and sinho,c. 2001. studies on the reactivity of cis-rucl2 fragment in ru(pph3)2(taime)cl2 with n,n-chelators (taime1-methyl-2-(p-tolylazo) imidazole). spectral and electrochemical characterization of the products, proc. ind. acad. sci 113(3):173-182. 23. karipcin,f and kabalcilar,e. 2007. spectroscopic and thermal studies on solid complexes of 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol with some transition metals, acta. chim. slov 54(6): 242-247. 24. gupta,c.,kanugo,d.k and mehta,p.k. 1979. mn(ii), co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and hg(ii) complexes with 5-(2-hydroxyphenyldiazo)- sialicyladehyde, j.ind.chem. soc 56(1): 826. 25. rona,a.k and shah,j.r. 1981. spectroscopic studies of cobalt(ii) complexes of 2,2-azopyridines, j.ind.chem.soc 582(2):1100.j. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 186 ( كنسلا تاذقعول ةيفيط ةسارد و ريضحت ii ( مىيهداكلاو ) ii ( قبئسلاو ) ii عه ) ذناكيل 5 - ( 2 - وسنب ) وزآ ذسا كي - 8 - ه نيىنيىك يسكورذي دارج رابج رهاع * *نظاك لىسرلا ذبع ىنه الله ربج يلع رايرهش ** * داذغت حعياج ،ىثنا تا/ حتشرنا حهك ،ءاكنا ىسل * * حجنكرنا حعياجنا ، حمثطرنا وهعنا ىسل ، حمثطرنا ءاكنا عشف ةصلاخلا : خشضح نا ذاكه 5 - ( 2 - )صا ذسا كضت - 8 - ذ نك سكس جادصا معافذ ي 2 - ضياح يا ( عي كضثنا 8 - نك سكسذ فاطأ حطاست شضحنا ذاكهنا صخش .) نا شنا سطاغنا 1 hnmr حجسفثنا قف ءاشحنا دحذ حعشلأا - حئشنا شصاعهن كلذنا مهحرنا (c.h.n) . خالاأ ضعت عي ذاكهنا حهعافي دذ حضهفنأ ثخرنا (znii,cdii andhgii) لاثا ظس ف - حثست ءاي ( ذاكن :ضهف (2:1 خشثيلا امن خاذمعنا ز مناحي دعضخ ،هثنا حضياحنا حناذنا ف – ذي ض شت ( ضكاشرنا 110 -4 - 310 -4 m حياعنا حغصنا خار خاذمعنا ي حهسهس هع لصحنا ىذ ) [m(l)2] . قف حعشلأا ءاشحنا دحذ حعشلأا فاطأ ،ثهنا سزنا صاصريلاا حمذ واذخرسات خاذمعنا ز دصخش حجسفثنا – حئشنا شصاعهن كلذنا مهحرنا (c.h.n) حئاتشكنا حهصرنا خاسال ع لاضف . دسسد جشرسنا خاشغرنا حننا ةسنا رمشط واذخرسات خاذمعنا ةكاشذ خاذمعنا حساشمرسا باسح ىذ اك، . جشضحناj. baghdad for sci. vol.9(1)2012 contents articles in english page biology research frequency of hla antigens in a sample of iraqi brucellosis patients. ali h. ad'hiah & aaiad h. a. al-rikaby & ammna n. jasim................. 86 the genetic inhibition of some pathogenic bacterial isolates related to enterobacteriaceae by using different leaves extracts of cider (nabag) zizyphus spina-christa. nuha j. kandala & ibtehal. abdul-hade & ramina m. khoshaba............................................................................. 93 allelopathic potential of myrtle, myrtus communis l. upon some crops. umran h. k. bapeer............................................................................... 104 c-reactive protein and cholesterol level in male type 2 diabetic patients. samal h. kareem & majid a. naseif al-bayati & noor a. abood.. 113 physics research the use of laurylamine hydrocholoride ch3(ch2)11 nh3 –cl for secondary oil recovery. talib abdullah saleh.......................................................... 120 oilfield produced water management: treatment, reuse and disposal. ayad a. al-haleem a.al-razaq............................................................. 124 using fuzzy logic for estimating monthly pan evaporation from meteorological data in emara/ south of iraq. alaa m. atiaa & amal m. abdul-qadir....................................................................................... 133 effect of temperature on reliability and degradation of 0.63μm laser diode. saman q. mawlud....................................................................... 141 a proposed mathematical expression for computer design of electrostatic mirror. mahdi a. mohammed................................................................. 148 chemistry research adsorption study for trifluralin on iraqi α–alumina.nafeesa j. kadhim.... 153 biochemical and kinetic studies on alkaline phosphatase and other biochemical features in sera of patients with type 2 diabetes. wesen a. mehdi & layla o. farhan & baydaa a.abed................................. 160 synthesis of new mannich bases from indole derivatives. suad m. al-araji & rana a. ali................................................................................. 168 synthesis and spectral studies of zn ii ,cd ii and hg ii complexes with 5-(2-benzoic acid azo)-8-hydroxy quinoline ligand. amer j.jarad & muna a. kadhim & shahryar a. jabrallah......................................... 178 issn: 2078-8665consultation board 1. prof. dr. ihsan mahdi al- saqur tropical- biological research unit/ university of baghdad 2. prof. dr. tarek ali al- ani college of science for women/ university of baghdad 3. prof. dr. mazin manuel elias college of science / al- nahrain university 4. prof. dr. nadir george mansour college of education / al-mustansiryia university 5. prof. dr. imad hussain al-hussaini iraqi commission for computers and informatics 6. assist prof. dr. thanaa jaafar al-hasani college of science / university of baghdadjournal of baghdad for science a scientific journal published by the college of science for women, university of baghdad prof. dr. ali h.al-mousawi ….editor-in-chief prof. dr. khaled. a. habeb…….editorial secretary board of editors prof. dr. adnan s al-ethawi assist. prof. dr. saad naji al-azawi assist. prof. dr. ali kadhim mousa assist. prof. dr. saadiyah ahmed dhahir volume 9(1) march-2012